f. Most names of plants, with colus, distaff, have also forms of the second declension. 4. Most nouns of the fourth declension are formed from verbstems, with the suffix -tus: as, cantus, song, from căno. a. The Supines of verbs are the accusative and ablative (or dative, perhaps both) of these nouns. b. Many have only the genitive, or the genitive and ablative : as, jussu (meo), by my command; so injussu (populi), without the people's order. Some only the dative, memoratui, divisui. c. The remaining nouns of this declension are the following: æstus, heat; arcus, bow; artus, joint; cœtus, meeting; fetus, produce; ficus, fig; gradus, step; incestus, incest; lacus, lake; laurus, laurel; myrtus, myrtle; penus (def.), provision; pinus, pine; portus, port; rictus, gape; senatus, senate; sinus, fold, bay; situs, dust; specus, den; tonitrus, thunder; tumultus, tumult. NOTE. Several of these are formed upon verb-stems not in use, or obsolete. 13. FIFTH DECLENSION. The Stem of nouns of the Fifth Declension ends in ē, which appears in all the cases. 1. The nominative is formed from the stem by adding s. NOTE. The e is shortened in the genitive and dative singular, when not preceded by i; viz., in fides, plebes, spes, res. 2. Gender. All nouns of this declension are feminine, except dies and meridies, M. NOTE. Dies is sometimes feminine in the singular, especially in phrases indicating a fixed time, or time in general: as, longa dies, a long time; constitutâ die, on the set day; also in the poets: pulcra dies, a fair day. 3. Case-Forms. The genitive singular anciently ended in ēs (cf. ās of first declension); and ei was sometimes contracted into i or e, as in the phrase plebi-scītum, people's decree (Fr. plébiscite). An old dative in i or e also occurs. 4. Several nouns of the fifth declension have also forms of the first, of which this is only a variety: as, materia, -ies, timber ; saevitia, -ies, cruelty. NOTE.-Nouns in ies (except dies) are original a-stems. The others are probably (excepting res) corrupted s-stems, like moles, moles-tus; dies, diurnus; spes, spero. Requies (etis) has also forms of this declension. with others, as saties (for satietas), &c. 5. The Locative form of this declension is represented by -e, as in hodie, to-day; perendie, day-after-to-morrow; die quarti, the fourth day; pridie, the day before. 6. Of about forty nouns of this declension, the only ones complete in all their parts are dies and res. Most want the plural, which is, however, found in the nominative, accusative, and vocative, in the following: acies, effigies, eluvies, facies, glacies, progenies, series, species, spes. 14. IRREGULAR NOUNS. 1. Defective. Many nouns are defective in their forms of declension, either from signification or by accident of use. a. Some are found only in the singular (singularia tantum), chiefly abstract nouns: as, pietas, piety; names of materials and things weighed or measured (not counted): as, aes, copper, far, corn; and proper names, as Cicero. Abstract nouns in the plural may denote repetitions or instances, as paces: :—names of things measured, &c., kinds or samples, as vina, wines, aera, brazen utensils; proper names, two or more of the same, as Scipiones. So Galliae, the two Gauls, Castores, Castor and Pollux, nives, snowflakes, soles, days, Joves, images of Jupiter, palatia, the buildings on the hill. b. Some are found only in the Plural (pluralia tantum): these include (1) many proper names, including those of Festivals and Games; (2) names of classes: as, majores, ancestors; liberi, children; penates, household gods; (3) the following from signification: arma, weapons ; artus, joints; divitiae, riches; excubiae, night-guard; insidiae, ambush; manes, departed spirits; minae, threats; moenia, fortifications, and a few others, which are very rare. c. The following are defective in Case: ambage, § F.; astus (s. and p.), astu, M.; cassem, e, § M.; dapis, i, em, e, § F.; dicam, as, F.; dicionis, i, em, e, § F.; fauce, § F.; foras, is (pl.), F.; fors, forte, F.; frugis, i, em, e, § F.; glos, F.; gratiæ, as, is, F.; impetus, um, u, M.; infitias, F.; jugera, um, ibus, N.; lues, em, e, F.; mane (nom., acc., and abl.), N.; nauci, N.; obice, § c.; opis, em, e, § F.; pondo (abl. or indec.), N.; precem, e, § F.; sentis, em, es, ibus, M.; sordem, e, § F.; spontis, e, F.; suppetias, F.; venui, um, M. (o, N.); vicis, em, e, es, ibus, F. The gen. plur. is also wanting in cor, cos, fax, fox, lux, nex, os (oris), pax, præs, ros, sal, sol, tus, vas, ver; jura, rura, have only nom. and acc. plur. § Plural complete. Many nouns of the fourth declension occur only in the dative, or in the acc. and abl. (supines). The following neuters are indeclinable: fas, nefas, instar, necesse, nihil, opus, secus. Nouns found only in one case are called monoptotes; in two cases, diptotes; in three cases, triptotes. 2. Variable. Many nouns vary in their form of declension, their gender, or their signification under different forms. a. Some have two or more forms of Declension, and are called heteroclites: as, Balnea or a; carbasus (F.), pl., a (N.); colus (1st and 4th), F.; femur, oris or inis; jugerum, i, or abl. e, pl. a, um, N.; margarita, a (F.), or um, i (N.); Mulciber, bri or beris; munus, eris, pl. munia (mania), orum; pubes, eris; em, e; penus, i, or oris; sævitia, æ; -ies, iei; -itudo, inis, F.; sequester, tri, or tris; with many found in the 1st and 5th declensions, and a few other rare forms. b. Some nouns vary in Gender (heterogeneous): as, cælum (N.), pl. cæli (M.), sky; clipeus (M.), or clipeum (N.), shield; frenum (M.), pl. freni (M.), rein. c. Many nouns vary in meaning as they are found in the singular or plural: as, ædes, is (F.), temple; ædes, ium, house. auxilium (N.), help; auxilia, auxiliaries. carcer (M.), dungeon; carceres, barriers (of a race-course). castrum (M.), fort; castra, camp. copia (F.), plenty; copiæ, troops. finis (M.), end; fines, bounds, territories. forum, market-place; fori, gang-ways. gratia (F.), favor; gratiæ, thanks. impedimentum (N.), hinderance; impedimenta, baggage. littera (F.), letter (of alphabet); litteræ, epistle. locus (M.), place [pl. loca (N.)]; loci, passages in books. (In early writers this is the regular plural.) ludus, sport; ludi, public games. opera, task; operæ, day-laborers (“hands"). opis (F. gen.), help; opes, resources, wealth. plăga (F.), region [plaga, blow]; plăgæ, snares. sestertius (M.) means the sum of 24 asses, = about 4 cents. sestertium (N.) means the sum of 1000 sestertii, = about $40. decies sestertium means the sum of 1000 sestertia, = $40,000. d. Sometimes a noun in combination with an adjective takes a special signification, both parts being regularly inflected: as, jusjurandum, jūrisjurandi, oath; respublica, reipublicae, commonwealth. 15. PROPER NAMES. 1. A Roman had regularly three names. name Marcus Tullius Cicero, we have Marcus, the prænomen, or personal name; Thus, in the Tullius, the nomen; i.e., name of the Gens, or house, whose original head was Tullus; this name is properly an adjective; Cicero, the cognomen, or family name, often in its origin a nickname, in this case from cicer, a vetch, or small pea. 2. A fourth or fifth name, called the agnomen, was sometimes given. Thus the complete name of Scipio the Younger was Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Emilianus; Africanus from his exploits in Africa; Emilianus as adopted from the Æmilian gens. 3. Women had no personal names, but were known only by that of their gens. Thus the wife of Cicero was Terentia, and his daughter Tullia. A younger sister would have been called Tullia secunda or minor, and so on. 4. The commonest prænomens are thus abbreviated :— ADJECTIVES. 16. INFLECTION OF ADJECTIVES. ADJECTIVES and Participles are in general formed and declined like Nouns, differing from nouns only in their use. In accordance with their use, they distinguish gender by different forms in the same word. They are (1) of the first and second declensions, or (2) of the third declension. NOTE. — Latin adjectives and participles are either o-stems with the corresponding feminine a-stems (originally ǎ and ā), or i-stems. Many, however, were originally stems in u or a consonant, which passed over, in all or most of their cases, into the i-declension, for which Latin had a special fondness. (Compare the endings es and is of the Third declension with Greek es and as; navis (nom.) with the Greek vaûs; animus with exanimis; cornu with bicornis; lingua with bilinguis; cor, corde, corda, with discors, di, -dia, -dium; suāvis with us; ferens, -entia, with pépwv, -ovтα.) A few, which in other languages are nouns, retain the consonant-form: as, vetus ἔτος, uber = ovlap. Comparatives also retain the consonant form in most of their cases. 1. Stems in o have the feminine ǎ (originally a). They are declined like servus (M.), stella (F.), donum (N.): as, NOTE. The masc. gen. of adjectives in ius ends in ii, and the vocative in ie; not in i as in nouns. |