ætāte (i) corde N. A. V. ætātes corda G. D. Ab. lapides gentes capita poemăta ætatum (ium) (or Ibus) c. Case-forms. Some nouns of lingual stems have forms of the vowel-declension. 1. Participles used as nouns, and a few others originally i-stems, occasionally have the ablative in i: as, continenti, ætati, parti, sorti. 2. Stems in tat- (originally i-stems), nt- (participles used as nouns), d or t preceded by a consonant, also dis, lis, and pons,- regularly have the genitive plural ium. 3. Names denoting birth or abode, with stems in at-, it- (originally adjectives), with penates, optimates, regularly have the gen. plur. ium. d. Greek neuters (as poëma), with nom. sing. in a, frequently end the dat. and abl. plur. in īs, and rarely the gen. in ōrum. 3. Palatal. If the mute is a palatal (c, g), it unites with s in the nominative, forming X. a. Stems in Ic- (short i) have nom. in ex, and are chiefly masculine; those in ic- (long i) retain i, and are feminine. b. In nix, nîvis, snow, the nom. retains a palatal lost in the other cases (original stem snig-, compare ningit); supellex (-ectilis) is partly a lingual, partly an i-stem. reges luces fruges arces D. Ab. pacibus regibus lucibus frugibus arcibus faucibus c. Case-forms. A few monosyllables, as faux (def.), arx, have gen. plur. ium; in lux, an abl. luci occurs rarely. 4. Peculiar Forms. In many nouns the stem is variously modified in the nominative. a. The vowel-stems gru-, su-, simply add s, retaining the original ū; grūs has also a nom. gruis; sus has in pl. subus. b. In bov- (bou-), the diphthong ou becomes ō (bōs, bŏvis); in nav- (nau-) an i is added (nävis, is); in Jõv-(=Zɛús) the diphthong becomes ū in Jū-pīter (păter), gen. Jõvis, &c. c. In ĭtěr, itinĕris (N.), jĕcur, jecinŏris (N.), the nom. has been formed from a shorter stem; so that these words show a combination of two distinct forms. d. Of the many original s-stems, only vas, vasis (pl. vasa, ōrum) retains its proper declension. NOTE. Of apparent s-stems, as (assis) is an i-stem; of os, ossis, the original stem is osti- (cf. oσTeov and Sanskrit asthi); while the others have either (1) passed into r-stems (changed from s) in most of the cases, as honor, ōris, corpus, oris (see liquid stems); or (2) have broken down into i-stems, as moles (cf. molestus), nubes (Sanskrit nabhas), sedes (cf. (dos), vis (vires), &c. 5. The Locative form for nouns of the Third declension ends, like the dative, in i; sometimes, like the ablative, in ĕ: as, ruri, in the country; Karthagini, at Carthage; Tibŭre (Hor.), at Tibur ; - plural in Ibus: as, Trallibus, at Tralles. 6. Greek Nouns. Many nouns, originally Greek, mostly proper names, - retain Greek forms of inflection. a. Stems in in- (i long) add s in the nominative, omitting n: as, delphis (but also delphin), Salamis. So Phorcys. b. Most stems in ĭd- (nom. is) often have also the forms of i-stems: as, tigris, ĭdis (idos) or is; acc. ĭdem (îda) or im; abl. ide or i. But many, including most feminine proper names, have acc. idem (ida), abl. Ĭde,—not im and i. These follow the forms in Greek, which depend on the place of the accent. c. Stems in on- sometimes retain n: as, Agamemnon (or Agamemno), ŏnis, acc. ŏna. d. Stems in ont- form the nom. in ōn: as, horizon, Xenŏphon; but a few are occasionally latinized into ōn- (nom. o): as, Draco, ōnis. e. Stems in ant-, ent-, have nom. in ās, is: as, adămās, antis; Simois, entis. So a few in unt- (contr. from oent-) have ūs: as, Trapēzus, untis. Occasionally the Latin form of nominative is also found: as, Atlans, elephans. f. Case-Forms.-Many Greek nouns (especially in the poets) have gen. ŏs, acc. ă; plur. nom. ĕs, acc. ăs: as, aēr, aethēr, crater, hēros (ōis), lampas (ădis or ǎdos), lynx (cis or cos), nāis (idos), Orpheus (eos). g. A few in ys have acc. yn, voc. y; abl. yë: as, chelys, yn, y; Capys, yos, yn, y, yë. h. Several feminine names in ō have gen. sing. ūs, all the other cases ending in ō; they may also have regular forms: as, Dido; gen. Didōnis or Didūs; dat. Didōni or Dido, &c. IV. RULES OF GENDER. 1. The following are general Rules of Gender of nouns of the third declension, classed according to the termination of the nominative. NOTE.-Rules of gender are mostly only rules of memory, as there is no necessary connection between the form and gender. In fact, most nouns could originally be inflected in all genders. a. Masculine endings are o, or, os, er, es (Ĭdis, Itis). b. Feminine endings are as (ātis), es (is), is, ys, x, s (followIng a consonant); also, do, go, io (abstract and collective), and ūs (ūdis, ūtis). c. Neuter endings are a, e, i, y; c, l, t; men (mînis); ar, ur, us (ĕris, Ŏris). 2. The following are general Rules of Gender of nouns of the third declension, classed according to their stems. NOTE. See the Note above. But the preference of masc. and fem. (especially fem.) for long vowels cannot be accidental (compare long a of 1st declension). Some affixes also prefer one or another gender: as, tor (originally tar), masculine; ti, feminine; men (originally man), neuter. a. Vowel Stems. Stems in i, having s in the nominative, are feminine, except those mentioned below (3, a). Those having nominative in ě, or which drop the e, are neuter. b. Liquid Stems. Stems in 1 are masculine, except sil, fel, mel, and sometimes sal (N.). Those in min are neuter, except homo, nemo, flamen (M.). Others in in are masculine, except pollen, unguen (N.). Those in en are masculine. Those in din, gin, iōn (abstract and collective) are feminine. Others in ōn, with cardo, margo, ordo, unio, senio, quaternio, are masculine. Those in r preceded by a short vowel are neuter, except nearly 30 given below. Those in r preceded by a long vowel are masculine, except soror, uxor, glos, tellus, F.; crus, jus, pus, rus, tus (in which the long vowel is due to contraction), N. c. Labial Stems (no neuters). Stems in band m are feminine, except chalybs. Those in p are chiefly masculine (exceptions below). d. Lingual Stems. Stems in ăd, ĕd, îd, nd, ūd, aud, are feminine, except dromas, pes, quadrupes, obses, præses, lapis (M.). Those in at, ut, are feminine, except patrials (as Arpinas), with penātes and optimātes. Those in ēd, ēt, are masculine, except merces and quies with its compounds. Those in et, it, are masculine, except abies, merges, seges, teges (F.), and those which are common from signification. Those in at are neuter; those in nt various (see List); those in lt, ṛt, feminine. (For a few isolated forms, see List.) e. Palatal Stems. Stems in c preceded by a consonant or long vowel are feminine, except calx (stone or heel), decunx, phoenix, storax, vervex, M. Those in c preceded by a short vowel are chiefly masculine (for exceptions, see List); those in g, masculine, except frux, lex, phalanx, syrinx (also nix, nĭvis). 3. The following are the Forms of Inflection of nouns of the Third Declension, classed according to their Stems. ēs, is: a. Vowel-Stems. about 35 nouns (original s-stems, list p. 17), feminine, except tudes, hammer; vates, prophet; verres, pig (M.). Is, is: about 100 nouns, chiefly feminine. Exc. ædilis, edile; amnis, river; anguis, snake; antes (pl.), ranks; assis, a coin; axis, axle; callis (c.), by-path; canalis (c.), canal; canis (c.), dog; caulis, stalk; civis (c.), citizen; clunis (c.), haunch; collis, hill; crinis (c.), hair; ensis, sword; fascis, fugot; finis (c.), end; follis, bellows; funis (C.), rope; fustis, club; hostis (c.), enemy; ignis, fire; juvenis (c.), youth; lactes (pl.), entrails; lares, gods; manes, departed spirits; mensis, month; orbis, circle; panis, bread; piscis, fish; sentis (c.), brier; testis (c.), witness; torris, brand; unguis, claw; vectis, bar; vepres (c., pl.), brambles; vermis, worm (M.). ăl, ālis; ăr, āris:—16, neuter (see list, page 17; and for those in ăr, ăris, see Liquid Stems). ĕr, ris: —imber, shower; linter, boat; uter, bag; venter, stomach,—all м. except linter, which is commonly F. PECULIAR: -grus, gruis, crane, F.; rhus, rhois (acc. rhum), sumach, M.; sus, suis, hog, c.; heros, herōis, hero, M.; misy, yos, truffle, F.; oxys, yos, sorrel, F.; cinnibări, vermilion; gummi, gum; sināpi, mustard (indecl.), N.; chelys, yn, y, F. lyre. b. Liquid Stems. 1, lis: -9 nouns, masculine, except sil, ochre, and (sometimes) sal, salt, N. en, ĕnis: — hymen, marriage; ren, kidney; splen (ēnis), spleen, M. ĕn, înis:-10 nouns, M. except pollen, flour; unguen, oint ment, N. měn, minis (verbal): priest, M. ōn, ŏnis (Greek): canon, rule; dæmon, divinity; gnomon, aēdon, nightingale; alcyon, kingfisher; ancon, index, M.; corner; sindon, fine linen, F. o, ōnis:— nearly 60 nouns, all masculine. io, iōnis (material objects, &c.) :- about 30 nouns, masculine. io, iōnis (abstract and collective): - upwards of 50, feminine. o, Inis:-homo, man; turbo, whirlwind, M.; nemo, no one, c. do, dinis: nearly 50 nouns, feminine excepting cardo, hinge ; ordo, rank, M. go, ginis: about 30 nouns, feminine. ar, ăris:- baccar, valerian; jubar, sunbeam; nectar, nectar, N.; lar, household god; salar, trout, M. ĕr, ris: accipiter, hawk; frater, brother; pater, father, M.; mater, mother. ēr, ēris (Greek):— crater, cup; halter, dumb-bell; prester, waterspout, M. ĕr, ĕris: acipenser, hawk; aër, air; æther, ether; anser, goose; asser, stake; aster, star; cancer, crab; carcer, dungeon; later, brick; passer, sparrow, M.; - mulier, woman, F.; acer, maple; cadaver, corpse; cicer, vetch; papāver, poppy; piper, pepper; tūber, hump; uber, udder; verber, lash, N. cinis, ashes; cucumis, cucumber; pulvis, dust; vomis, ploughshare, M. Is, ĕris: Ŏr (ōs), ōris:-nearly 70 nouns (besides many denoting the agent, formed upon verb-stems), all masculine, except soror, sister; uxor, wife. 2 |