EXCEPTIONS.-1. In the genitive form ius (§ 16, 1, b), i is long. It is, however, sometimes made short in verse. 2. In the fifth declension (genitive and dative singular), e is long between two vowels: as, diēi; but is short after a consonant, as in fidei. 3. In fio (§ 37, 4), i is long except when followed by er: as, fio, fiebam, fiam, fieri, fierem. 4. In the terminations āius and ēius, a and e are long: as in Cāius, Pompēius; also in the verb āio, and genitives in āï. 5. In many Greek proper names, the vowel in Latin represents a long vowel or diphthong, and is consequently long: as, Trões, Thǎlia, hērōǎs. But many Greek words are more or less Latinized in this respect as Academia, chorea. b. A Diphthong is long: as, foedus, cш, caelum, dēïnde. EXCEPTION. The preposition prae in compounds is generally short before a vowel (as in præustis, Æn. vii. 524). c. A vowel formed by contraction (crasis) is long: as i in nil (for nihil); currūs (genitive for curruis). But not where the vowels are united by synæresis, as in parietibus (par-yetibus). d. A syllable in which a short vowel comes before two consonants or a double consonant - also before the letter j—is long: as, māgnus, rēx, pējor, ēt vēntis, gāza, (but ǎdhuc). But if the two consonants are a mute followed by 1 or r, the syllable is common, that is, it may be either long or short in verse: as, alăcris, pătribus, refluo. REMARK. Sometimes the y or v resulting from synæresis has the effect of a consonant: as, flūviōrūm rēx (G. i. 482). e. In early Latin s at the end of words was not sounded, and hence does not make position with another consonant. In many other cases.in the comic poets two consonants do not make position, especially in pronouns and particles: as, ille, iste, němpe. REMARK.- A short syllable, made long under this rule, is said to be long by Position: as, in docetne. In docēsne, the same syllable is long by the general rule (2, h, below). The rules of Position do not, in general, apply to final vowels. 2. Final Syllables. a. Words of one syllable ending in a vowel are long: as, mē, tū, hī, nē. The attached particles -ně, -quě, -vě, -cě, ptě, and rě- (rěd-) are short; se- is long: as, sēcedit, exercitumque reducit. b. Nouns of one syllable are long: as, sōl, ōs (ōris), bōs, vīs. EXCEPTIONS. – còr, fěl, měl, Ŏs (ossis), vir. c. Final a in words declined by cases is short, except in the ablative singular of the first declension; in all other words it is long: as, eă stellă (nominative), cum eā stellā; frustrā, vocā (imperative), posteā, trigintā; also, quā (plural). eiă, ită, quiă, pută (suppose); and, in late d. Final e is short, except (1) in nouns of the fifth declension; (2) in adverbs formed from adjectives of the first and second declension, with others of like form; (3) in the imperative singular of the second conjugation: as, nubě, ducitě, fidē, famē (§ 11, b, 3), quārē (quā rē), hòdiē (hoc die), monē, monētě, saepĕ, saepissimē. EXCEPTIONS.-beně, malĕ; ferē, fermē; also (rarely), cavě, habě, tacě, valě, vidě; inferně, superně. e. Final i is long: as in turri, fili, audi. But it is common in mihi, tibi, sibi, ibi, ubi; and short in nisă, quasă, cùì (when making two syllables), and in Greek vocatives, as Alexi. f. Final o is common; but long in datives and ablatives; also, usually, in verbs. EXCEPTIONS.- cită, modo, ilică, profecto, dummodo, immŏ, ego, duŏ, octo. g. Final u is long; final y is short. h. Final as, es, os, are long; final is, us, ys are short: as, nefās, rupēs, servōs, honōs; hostĭs, amicés, Tethýs. EXCEPTIONS. — as is short in Greek plural accusatives, as lampadăs; and in anăs. : es is short in nouns of the third declension (lingual) increasing short as miles (Ĭtis), obses (ĭdis), — except abiēs, ariēs, pariēs, pēs; in the present of esse (ĕs, adĕs); in the preposition penĕs; and in the plural of Greek nouns. os is short in compos, impos; in some Greek endings, as barbitŏs; also o for later u in the second declension, as servos (nominative). is in plural cases is long, as in bonis, omnis (accusative plural); in sīs, vīs, velis, malīs, nolīs; in gratis, forīs (properly plurals); in the second person singular of the fourth conjugation, as audis (where it is the stem-vowel); and sometimes in the forms in -eris (perfect subjunctive), where it was originally long. 10 us is long in the genitive singular and nominative and accusative plural of the fourth declension; and in nouns of the third declension having ū long in the stem: as virtūs (ūtis), incūs (ūdis). i. Of other final syllables, those ending in a consonant, except c, are short: as, ăd, āc, istūc, amăt, amatŭr. EXCEPTIONS. - doněc, făc, něc, sometimes hic; ēn, nōn, quin, sin; crās, plūs; cūr, pār. 3. Penultimate Syllables. a. Increment. A Noun is said to increase, when in any case it has more syllables than in the nominative singular. Thus stella is said to increase long in stellarum; and corpus to increase short in corporis. NOTE. The rules of increment are purely arbitrary, as the syllables are long or short according to the proper quantity of the stem or the formative terminations. The quantity of noun stems appears in the schedule of the third declension (§ 11, iv. 3), and that of terminations, under the various inflections where it is better to learn them. A Verb is said to increase, when in any part it has more syllables than in the stem (inclusive of the final vowel). Thus amo is said to increase long in amātis; and rego to increase short in regĭtis. The final syllable of an inflected word is called the termination; that immediately preceding is called the increment. Thus, in the examples given above, the penultimate syllable is called the increment. In itinĕrībus, amāverītis, the syllables marked are called the first, second, and third increments of the noun or verb. b. Nouns. In the increment of Nouns and Adjectives, a and o are generally long; e, i, u, y, generally short (see list, pp. 25-27): as, aetātis, honōris, servōrum; opĕris, carminis, murmuris, pecudis, chlamydis. Exceptions are: ă: — baccar (ăris), hepar (ătis), jubar (ăris), lar (lăris), mas (măris), nectar (ăris), par (păris), sal (sălis), vas (vădis), daps (dăpis), fax, anthrax (ăcis). Ŏ:- neuters of third declension (except ōs, ōris); arbor (ŏris), scrobs (scrobis), ops (ŏpis). ē: — increments of fifth declension; heres (ēdis), lex (lēgis), locuples (ētis), merces (ēdis), plebs (plēbis), quies (ētis), rex (rēgis), ver (vēris). i:- most nouns and adjectives in ix: as, felīcis, radīcis (except filix, nix, strix); dis (dītis), glis (glīris), lis (lītis), vis (vires), Quirites, Samnites. ū:-forms from nouns in us: as, palūdis, tellūris, virtūtis ; also lux (lūcis), frux (frūgis). c. Verbs. In the increment of Verbs (see Tables of Inflection, pp. 66-74), the characteristic vowels are as follows: Of the first conjugation ā: as, amāre, amātur. Of the second conjugation ē: as, monēre, monētur. Of the fourth conjugation ī: as, audire, auditur. Exc. -do and its compounds have ǎ: as, dăre, circumdăbat. In other increments ā is always long: as, moneāris, regāmus. ē is long in tense-endings: as, regēbam, audiēbar. But it is short before ram, rim, ro; in the future personal endings -bĕris, bĕre; and sometimes in the perfect -ĕrunt (as stětĕruntque comae, Æn. ii. 774). i is long in forms after the analogy of the fourth conjugation: as, petīvi, lacessītus (in others short: as, monitus); also in the subjunctive present of esse and velle, and (rarely) in the endings -rimus, -ritis; but short in the future forms amabitis, &c. ō is found only in imperatives, and is always long. ŭ is short in sumus, volumus, quaesŭmus; in the supine and its derivatives it is long: as, solūtūrus. d. Perfects and supines of two syllables lengthen the stemsyllable: as, jŭvo, jūvi, jūtum; video, vidi, visum; fŭgio, fugi. EXCEPTIONS.-bîbi, dědi (do), fidi (findo), scidi (scindo), stěti (sto), stīti (sisto), tŭli (fero); - citum (cieo), dătum (do), Itum (eo), litum (lino), quitum (queo), rătum (reor), rŭtum (ruo), sătum (sero), sĭtum (sino), stătum (sto or sisto). In some compounds of sto, stātum is found long, as prostātum. e. Reduplicated perfects shorten both syllables: as, cecidi (cădo), didici (disco), căcini (căno); but cecidi from caedo, pepēdi from pēdo. f. Forms from the same STEM retain the original quantity: as, ǎmo, ǎmavisti, gĕnus, generis. EXCEPTIONS.-1. bōs, lār, mās, pār, pēs, sāl, vās — also arbōs (not arbŏr) — have a long vowel in the nominative from short stems. 2. Nouns in or, genitive ōris, have the vowel shortened before the final r: as, honor. (But this shortening is comparatively late, so that in Plautus and some inscriptions these nominatives are often found long.) 3. Many verb-forms with original long vowel shorten it before final t: as, amět, diceret (compare amēmus), audit, fít. (The final syllable in t of the perfect seems to have been originally long, but to have been shortened under this rule.) g. Forms from the same Rooт often vary in quantity from vowel-increase (see §§ 1, 3, a; 5, 2; 44, 1, a); as, dico (cf. maledicus), duco (dúcis), fido (perfidus), võcis (voco), lēgio (lego). h. COMPOUNDS retain the quantity of the words which compose them as, occido (cădo), occido (caedo), inīquus (aequus). Greek words compounded with πρо have o short, as prophēta, prologus. Some Latin compounds of pro have o short, as proficiscor, profiteor. Compounds with ne vary: as, něfas, nego, nequeo, nēquis, nēquam. So dejĕro and pejěro from jūro. [For the quantity of Penultimate Syllables in regular Derivatives, see § 44, pages 97-99.] 79. FEET. 1. The most natural division of musical time is into intervals, consisting of either two or three equal parts, making what is called double or triple time; but the ancients also distinguished five equal parts. These intervals are in music called Measures; in prosody, they are called Feet. 2. The feet most frequently employed in Latin verse consist either of two or three syllables; and may be represented by musical notation, as follows: |