mallem Cerberum metueres (Tusc. i. 6), I would rather you feared Cerberus.

quos non tam ulcisci studeo quam sanare (Cat. ii. 8), whom I do not care so much to punish as to cure.

c. Verbs of permission, concession, and necessity. These take also the Infinitive: as,

permisit ut partes faceret (De Or. ii. 90), permitted him to

make divisions.

vinum importari non sinunt (B. G. iv. 2), they do not allow wine to be imported.

nullo se implicari negotio passus est (Lig. 3), he suffered himself to be tangled in no business.

sint enim oportet si miseri sunt (Tusc. i 6), they must exist, if they are wretched. [Here the clause is subject of oportet.] REMARK. The clause with Licet (usually without ut) is regularly used to express a concession in the sense of although.

d. Verbs of determining, resolving, bargaining, which also take the Infinitive. Those of decreeing often take the participle in dus, on the principle of indirect discourse: as,

edicto ne quis injussu pugnaret (Liv. v. 19), having commanded that none should fight without orders.

pacto ut victorem res sequeretur (id. xxviii. 21), having bargained that the property should belong to the victor. Regulus captivos reddendos non censuit (Off. i. 13), Regulus voted that the captives should be returned. [He said, in giving his opinion, captivi non reddendi sunt.]

e. Verbs of caution and effort. Those denoting an effort to hinder may also take quominus or ne: as,

cura et provide ut nequid ei desit (Att. ii. 3), take care and see that he lacks nothing.

non deterret sapientem mors quominus . . . (Tusc. i. 38), death does not deter the wise man from, &c.

ne facerem impedivit (Fat. i. 1), prevented me from doing.

f. Verbs of fearing take the Subjunctive, with ne affirmative and ne non or ut negative: as,

ne animum offenderet verebatur (B. G. i. 19), he feared he should offend the mind, &c.

vereor ut tibi possim concedere (De Or. i. 9), I fear I cannot grant you.

haud sane periculum est ne non mortem optandam putet (Tusc. v. 40), there is no danger of his not thinking death desirable.

REMARK. -The particle ut or ne is often omitted, — generally after verbs of wishing, necessity, permission; with cave, dic, fac; and in indirect discourse, frequently after verbs of commanding and the like.

g. With any verbs of the above classes, the poets may use the Infinitive: as,

hortamur fari (Æn. ii. 74), we exhort [him] to speak.

4. Clauses of Result. The clause with ut (negative ut non, &c.), developed from RESULT, is used as the Object of verbs denoting the accomplishment of an effort: as,

commeatus ut portari possent efficiebat (B. G. ii. 5), he made it possible that supplies could be brought. [Lit., he effected that, &c.]

a. The substantive clause becomes the Subject of such verbs in the passive; and hence is further used as the subject of verbs denoting it happens, it remains, it follows, and the like; and even of the simple esse in the same sense, and other phrases: as,

sequitur ut doceam (N. D. ii. 32), the next thing is to show, &c. accidit ut esset plena luna (B. G. iv. 29), it chanced to be full

moon.

accedit ut conturber (Deiot. 1), besides this I am troubled. reliquum est quarta virtus ut sit ipsa frugalitas (id.), it remains that the fourth virtue is thrift.

quando fuit ut quod licet non liceret (Cæl. 20), when was it that what is now allowed was not allowed?

b. A result clause, with or without ut, frequently follows quam, after a comparative: as,

perpessus est omnia potius quam indicaret (Tusc. i. 22), he endured all, rather than betray, &c.

c. A result clause with ut is often used elliptically, in exclamations, with or without -ne (compare § 57, 8, g): as,

quanquam quid loquor? te ut ulla res frangat (Cat. i. 9), yet why do I ask? that anything should bend you?

egone ut te interpellem (Tusc. ii. 18), what, I interrupt you? REMARK.The infinitive, in exclamations, usually refers to something actually occurring; the subjunctive to something contemplated.

d. The phrase tantum abest, it is so far [from being the case], besides a subject-clause (substantive) with ut, regularly takes another ut-clause (of result) depending on tantum: as, tantum abest ut nostra miremur, ut usque eo difficiles ac morosi simus, ut nobis non satisfaciat ipse Demosthenes (Or. 29), so far from admiring our own matters, we are difficult and captious to that degree, that not Demosthenes himself satisfies us. [Here the first ut-clause depends directly on abest; the second on tantum; and the third on usque eo.]

e. The expressions facere ut, committere ut, often form a periphrasis for the simple verb (compare fore ut for the future infinitive): as,

invitus feci ut Flamininum e senatu eicerem (Cat. M. 12), it was with reluctance that I expelled, &c.

f. Rarely, a thought or idea is considered as a result, and takes the subjunctive with ut instead of the accusative and infinitive (in this case a demonstrative usually precedes): as,

altera est res, ut . . . (Off. i. 20), the second point is that, &c. præclarum illud est, ut eos . . . amemus (Tusc. iii. 29), this is a noble thing, that we should love, &c. quæ est igitur amentia, ut. manding, &c.

...

what folly is there then in de

g. Verbs and other expressions which imply hindering and the like, may take quin when the main verb is negative, formally or virtually (§ 65, 1, b): as,

facere non possum quin... (Att. xii. 27), I cannot avoid, &c. nihil prætermisi quin scribam. (Q. F. iii. 3), I have left nothing undone to write.

...

ut nullâ re impedirer quin (Att. iv. 2), that I might be hindered by nothing from, &c.

non humana ulla neque divina obstant quin (Sall. Ep. Mith. 17), no human or divine laws prevent, but that, &c.

REMARK.—This usage is found especially with the phrase non dubito and similar expressions making a kind of indirect dis

course: as,

non dubitabat quin ei crederemus (Att. vi. 2), he did not doubt that we believed him.

illud cave dubites quin ego omnia faciam (Fam. v. 20), do not doubt that I will do all.

quis ignorat quin (Flacc. 27), who is ignorant that, &c. ? neque ambigitur quin Brutus pessimo publico id facturus fuerit si priorum regum alicui regnum extorsisset (Livy, ii. 1), nor is there any question that Brutus, if he had wrested the kingdom from any one of the former kings, would have done it with the worst results to the state [direct discourse, fecisset].

h. Some verbs and expressions may be used either as verbs of saying or as words of commanding, effecting and the like, and may be construed accordingly: as,

sequitur illico esse causas immutabiles (Fat. 12), it follows directly that there are unalterable causes. [The regular construction with sequor used of a logical sequence.] laudem sapientiæ statuo esse maximam (Div. v. 13), I hold that the glory of wisdom is the greatest.

statuunt ut decem milia hominum mittantur (B. G. xii. 21), they resolve that 10,000 men shall be sent.

res ipsa monebat tempus esse (Att. x. 8), the thing itself warned that it was time [monere ut, warn to do something].

fac mihi esse persuasum (N. D. i. 27), suppose that I am persuaded of that [facere ut, accomplish that].

hoc volunt persuadere non interire animos (B. G. vi. 13), they wish to convince that souls do not perish.

huic persuadet uti ad hostes transeat (B. G. iii. 18), persuades him to pass over to the enemy.

NOTE. The infinitive, with a subject, in this construction is indirect discourse, and is to be distinguished from the simple infinitive sometimes found with these verbs.

5. Indicative with quod. The clause in the Indicative with quod is used (more commonly as Subject) when the statement is regarded as a fact: as,

alterum est vitium, quod quidam nimis magnum studium conferunt (Off. i. 6), it is another fault, that some bestow too much zeal, &c. [Here ut with the subjunctive could be used, meaning that they should, or the accusative and infinitive, meaning to more abstractly; quod makes it a fact that men do, &c.]

inter inanimum et animal hoc maxime interest, quod animal agit aliquid (Ac. ii. 12), there is this chief difference, &c., that an animal has an aim.

quod rediit nobis mirabile videtur (Off. iii. 31), that he [Regulus] returned seems wonderful to us. [Redîsse would mean he should have returned.]

a. In colloquial language, the clause with quod appears as an accusative of specification, corresponding to the English

WHEREAS: as,

quod de domo scribis (Fam. xiv. 2), as to what you write of the house.

quod mihi de nostro statu gratularis, minime miramur te tuis præclaris operibus lætari (Att. i. 5), as to your congratulating me on our condition, no wonder you are pleased with your own noble works.

b. Verbs of feeling and its expression take either quod (quia) or the accusative and infinitive (Indirect Discourse): as,

quod scribis... gaudeo (Q. F. iii. 1). I am glad that you write. quæ perfecta esse vehementer lætor (Rosc. Am. 47), I greatly rejoice that this is finished.

facio libenter quod eam non possum præterire (Leg. i. 24). I am glad that I cannot pass it by.

REMARK. Rarely, an apparent substantive clause, with miror and similar expressions, is introduced by si (really a Protasis): as, miror si quemquam amicum habere potuit (Læl. 15), I should wonder if he could ever have a friend.

71. QUESTIONS.

Questions are introduced by Interrogative Pronouns, Adverbs, or Particles, and are not distinguished by the order of words, as in English.

The Interrogative Particles are, an, utrum, num, and the enclitic -ne (see page 86). For other interrogative words, see list, page 49.

1. Interrogative Particles. The enclitic -ne is used in questions asked for information merely; nonne, when the answer yes, and num when the answer no, is expected or implied: as,

as,

meministine me in senatu dicere (Cat. i. 3), do you remember my saying in the senate?

nonne animadvertis quam multi salvi pervenerint (N. D. iii. 37), do you not observe how many have come through safe? num dubium est (Rosc. Am. 37), there is no doubt, is there? REMARK.—The interrogative particle is sometimes omitted:

patere tua consilia non sentis (Cat. i. 1), do you not see that your plans are manifest?

a. In Indirect Questions, num loses its peculiar force: as, quæro num aliter evenirent (Fat. 3). I ask whether they would turn out differently.

b. The form of Indirect questions is the same as that of Direct; the difference being only in the verb, which regularly takes the subjunctive (§ 67, 2).

REMARK.-In English, indirect questions are introduced by interrogatives, or by the particle whether.

c. The enclitic -ne is often added to interrogative words when not required: as, utrumne, numne, anne.

d. The expressions nescio an, dubito an, and the like, incline to the Affirmative, - I don't know but.

2. Double Questions. In Double or Alternative Questions, utrum or -ne, whether, stands in the first member; an, anne, or; annon, necne, or not, in the second: as,

utrum nescis, an pro nihilo id putas (Fam. x. 26), don't you know? or do you think nothing of it?