REMARK. Some clauses introduced by relatives are really independent, and take the accusative and infinitive. Rarely, also, subordinate clauses take this construction. The infinitive construction is regularly continued after a comparative with quam: as, Marcellus requisivisse dicitur Archimedem illum, quem cum audisset interfectum permoleste tulisse (Verr. iv. 58), Marcellus is said to have sought for Archimedes, and when he heard that he was slain, to have been greatly distressed. unumquemque nostrum censent philosophi mundi esse partem, ex quo [= et ex eo] illud naturâ consequi (Fin. iii. 19), the philosophers say that each one of us is a part of the universe, from which this naturally follows.

quemadmodum si non dedatur obses pro rupto se fœdus habiturum, sic deditam inviolatam ad suos remissurum (Liv. ii. 13), [he says] as in case the hostage is not given up he will consider the treaty as broken, so if given up he will return her unharmed to her friends.

addit se prius occisum iri ab eo quam me violatum iri (Att. ii. 20), he adds that he himself will be killed by him, before I shall be injured.

The subjunctive with or without ut also occurs with quam (see § 70, 4, b).

c. Conditional Sentences. In a conditional sentence, the Indicative in APODOSIS is in any case represented by the corresponding tense of the Infinitive. The Subjunctive is represented by the Future Participle with fuisse for the pluperfect, and the Future Infinitive for the other tenses (compare the use of the participle in urus with fui for the pluperfect subj. p. 169). The PROTASIS, as a dependent clause, is in all cases Subjunctive: as, se non defuturum [esse] pollicetur, si audacter dicere velint (B. C. i. 1), he promises not to fail, if they will speak their minds boldly [non deëro si voletis].

NOTE. The future infinitive, representing the imperfect subjunctive in Protasis, is for some reason very rare, and only four or five examples occur in classic authors. On the contrary, the form with fuisse is quite common.

d. Questions. A Question coming immediately after a verb of asking or the like is treated as an Indirect Question (see below, 2); but questions- generally rhetorical-coming in course of a long indirect discourse are treated like Declaratory Sentences: as,

num etiam recentium injuriarum memoriam [se] deponere posse (B. G. i. 14], could he lay aside the memory of recent wrongs? [num possum?]

quem signum daturum fugientibus? quem ausurum Alexandro succedere (Q. C. iii. 5), who will give the signal on the retreat? who will dare to succeed Alexander?

REMARK. - Generally real questions, expecting an answer (chiefly in the second person), take the subjunctive. Questions asked by the dubitative subjunctive must retain the subjunctive (see 2, b): as,

quid sibi vellent (B. G. i. 44), what did they want? [quid vultis?]

2. Indirect Questions. An Indirect Question takes its verb in the Subjunctive: as,

quid ipse sentiam exponam (Div. i. 6), I will explain what I think [direct, quid sentio].

id possetne fieri consuluit (id. 7), he consulted whether it could be done [direct, potestne].

quam sis audax omnes intellegere potuerunt (Rosc. Am. 31), all could understand how bold you are.

doleam necne doleam nihil interest (Tusc. ii. 12), it is of no account whether I suffer or not.

incerti quidnam esset (Jug. 49), uncertain what it was.

REMARK. An Indirect Question is any sentence or clause, introduced by an interrogative word (pronoun, adverb, or particle), depending immediately on a verb, or on any expression implying uncertainty or doubt.

In grammatical form, exclamatory sentences are not distinguished from interrogative, as in the third example given above.

a. The Future Indicative is represented in indirect questions by the participle in urus with the subjunctive of esse, — rarely by the simple subjunctive: as,

prospicio qui concursus futuri sint (Div. in Cæc.), I foresee what throngs there will be [erunt].

quid sit futurum cras, fuge quærere (Hor. Od. i. 9), forbear to ask what will be on the morrow [erit, or futurum est].

b. The Dubitative Subjunctive referring to future time remains unchanged except in tense: as,

[quæritur] utrum Carthago diruatur, an Carthaginiensibus reddatur (De Inv. i. 12), [the question is] shall Carthage be destroyed, or restored to the Carthaginians.

nec quisquam satis certum habet, quid aut speret aut timeat (Liv. xxii. 7), nor is any one assured what he shall hope or fear. [Here the participle with sit could not be used.] incerto quid peterent aut vitarent (Liv. xxviii. 36), since it was doubtful [abl. abs.] what they should seek or shun.

c. The Subject of an indirect question is often, in colloquial usage and in poetry, attracted into the main clause as Object (accusative of anticipation): as,

nôsti Marcellum quam tardus sit (Fam. viii. 10), you know how slow Marcellus is.-In like manner,

potestne igitur earum rerum quare futuræ sint ulla esse præsensio (Div. ii. 5), can there be, then, any foreknowledge as to those things, why they will occur?

REMARK. In some cases the Object becomes Subject by a change of voice, and an apparent mixture of relative and interrogative construction is the result: as,

quidam sæpe in parvâ pecuniâ perspiciuntur quam sint leves (Læl. 17), it is often seen, in a trifling matter of money, how unprincipled some people are.

quemadmodum Pompeium oppugnarent a me indicati sunt (Leg. Ag. i. 2), it has been shown by me in what way they attacked Pompey..

d. In early Latin and poetry, questions which elsewhere would have the Subjunctive as indirect often have the Indicative: as, non reputat quid laboris est (Amph. 172), he does not consider what a task it is.

vineam quo in agro conseri oportet sic observato (Cato R.R. 6), in what soil a vineyard should be set you must observe thus. NOTE. These cases are usually considered Direct questions; but they occur (as above) where the question cannot be translated as direct without distortion of the meaning.

e. A few expressions properly interrogative are used idiomatically as indefinites, and do not take a subjunctive: such are nescio quis, &c., mirum (or nimirum) quam or quantum, immane quantum, &c.: as,

qui istam nescio quam indolentiam magnopere laudant (Tusc. iii. 6), who greatly extol that painlessness (whatever it is). mirum quantum profuit (Liv. ii. 1), it helped marvellously.

f. Occasionally, a virtual indirect question is introduced by si in the sense of whether (like if in English): as,

circumfunduntur hostes, si quem aditum reperire possent (B. G. vi. 37), the enemy pour round [to see] if they can find

entrance.

visam si domi est (Heaut. 118), I will go see if he is at home.

3. Indirect Commands. All Imperative forms of speech take the Subjunctive in indirect discourse: as,

reminisceretur veteris incommodi populi Romani (B. G. 13), remember [said he] the ancient disaster, &c. [reminiscere]. ne committeret ut (ib.), do not [said he] bring it about [ne commiseris].

finem orandi faciat (id. 20), let him make an end of entreaty [fac].

The following example may serve to illustrate some of the foregoing principles in a connected address:

Indirect Discourse.

Si pacem populus Romanus cum Helvetiis faceret, in eam partem ituros atque ibi futuros Helvetios, ubi eos Cæsar constituisset atque esse voluisset: sin bello persequi perseveraret, reminisceretur et veteris incommodi populi Romani, et pristinæ virtutis Helvetiorum. Quod improviso unum pagum adortus esset, cum ii qui flumen transissent suis auxilium ferre non possent, ne ob eam rem aut suæ magno opere virtuti tribueret, aut ipsos despiceret: se ita a patribus majoribusque suis didicisse, ut magis virtute quam dolo contenderent, aut insidiis niterentur. Quare ne committeret, ut is locus ubi constitissent ex calamitate populi Romani et internecione exercitûs nomen caperet, aut memoriam proderet.-B. G. i. 13.

Direct Discourse.

Si pacem populus Romanus cum Helvetiis faciet, in eam partem ibunt atque ibi erunt Helvetii, ubi eos Cæsar constiterit atque esse voluerit: sin bello persequi perseverabit, reminiscere [inquit] et veteris incommodi populi Romani, et pristinæ virtutis Helvetiorum. Quod improviso unum pagum adortus es, cum ii qui flumen transierant suis auxilium ferre non possent, ne ob eam rem aut tuæ magno opere virtuti tribueris, aut nos despexeris: nos ita a patribus majoribusque nostris didicimus, ut magis virtute quam dolo contendamus, aut insidiis nitamur. Quare, ne commiseris, ut hic locus ubi constitimus ex calamitate populi Romani et internecione exercitûs nomen capiat, aut memoriam prodat.

68. WISHES AND COMMANDS.

1. WISHES are expressed by the Subjunctive, often strengthened by the particles ut, utinam, O si (early Latin), qui; the primary tenses being used in reference to future time, the secondary to express a hopeless wish, the imperfect in present time, the pluperfect in past (see § 57, 4).

-

REMARK. A periphrasis with velim, vellem, &c., is sometimes used (57, 4, c).

2. COMMANDS are expressed by the Imperative or Subjunctive ($ 57, 3, 7); PROHIBITIONS by the Subjunctive, or by a periphrasis with noli or cave (§ 57, 7, a). The object of the command is given in a purpose-clause (§ 70, 3) with ut or ne, except after jubeo and veto (§ 70, 2).

3. Indirectly quoted, all these forms of speech take the Subjunctive (see § 67, 3).

69. RELATIVE CLAUSES.

1. A simple relative, merely introducing a descriptive fact, takes the Indicative.

2. The Subjunctive appears more or less frequently in many relative clauses (which have been already treated). These relatives always either—(1) are general relatives of Protasis; or (2) express some logical connection between the relative and antecedent, or (3) have no effect at all upon the construction. These constructions are—

1. General or Future Conditions in Protasis (§§ 59, 60, 61). 2. a. Final Clauses (§ 64).

b. Consecutive Clauses (§ 65).

c. Relatives of Characteristic (§ 65, 2).

d. Relatives implying Cause or Hindrance (§ 65, 2, e).

e. Temporal Clauses of relative time (62, 2).

3. a. Intermediate Clauses (§ 66).

b. Clauses in Indirect Discourse (§ 67).

70. SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES.

A Substantive Clause is one which, like a noun, is the subject or object of a verb, or in apposition with a subject or object.

REMARK.-The Infinitive with the Accusative, though not strictly a Clause, is equivalent to one, and may be treated as such.

When a substantive clause is used as Subject, the verb to which it is subject is called Impersonal (§ 39), and its sign, in English, is IT; when it is used as Object, it generally follows some verb of knowing, &c. (§ 67, 1) or of wishing or effecting, and its sign, in English, is THAT, or TO (Infinitive).

:

1. Classification. Substantive Clauses are of four kinds 1. The Accusative with the Infinitive, denoting an idea as thought or spoken (§ 67, 1); 2. Indirect Questions (67, 2); 3. The Subjunctive with ut, ne, quo, quin, or

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