Imatges de pàgina
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REMARK.-1. But the imperfect and pluperfect may denote absolute time, and then are in the Indicative: as,

res cum hæc scribebam erat in extremum adducta discrimen (Fam. xii. 6), at the time I write [epistolary] the affair was brought into great hazard. quem quidem cum ex urbe pellebam, hoc providebam animo (Cat. iii. 7), when I was about forcing him [conative imperfect] from the city, I looked forward to this.

fulgentes gladios hostium videbant Decii cum in aciem eorum irruebant (Tusc. ii. 24), the Decii saw the flashing swords of the enemy when they rushed upon their line.

tum cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant (Manil. 7), at that time, when many had lost great fortunes in Asia.

2. When the clauses are inverted, so that the real temporal clause becomes the main clause, and vice versa, the Indicative must be used: as,

dies nondum decem intercesserant, cum ille alter filius infans necatur (Clu. 9), ten days had not yet passed, when the other infant son was killed.

hoc facere noctu apparabant, cum matres familiæ repente in publicum procurrerunt (B. G. vii. 26), they were preparing to do this by night, when the women suddenly ran out into the

streets.

3. With Future tenses, there is no distinction of absolute or relative time; and hence the Indicative is used: as,

non dubitabo dare operam ut te videam, cum id satis commode facere potero (Fam. xiii. 1), I shall not hesitate to take pains to see you, when I can do it conveniently.

longum illud tempus cum non ero (Att. xii. 18), that long time when I shall be no more.

In the other tenses, the distinction is of late origin: hence in Plautus quom always takes the Indicative except where the Subjunctive is used for other reasons.

c. In narration antequam and priusquam—also, in late writers, dum and donec-have the same construction as cum: as,

antequam tuas legi litteras (Att. ii. 7), before I read your letter. nec ante finis fuit quam concessêre (Liv. viii. 13), there was no end until they yielded [regular with non ante quam, &c.]. antequam homines nefarii de meo adventu audire potuissent, in Macedoniam perrexi (Planc. 41), before those evil men could learn of my coming, I arrived in Macedonia. nec obstitit falsis donec tempore ac spatio vanescerent (Tac. Ann ii. 82), nor did he contradict the falsehoods till they died out through lapse of time.

REMARK.

- In reference to future time, these particles take the present and future perfect indicative; rarely the future indicative and present subjunctive: as,

prius quam de ceteris rebus respondeo, de amicitiâ pauca dicam (Phil. ii. 1), before I reply to the rest, I will say a little of friendship.

non defatigabor ante quam illorum ancipites vias percepero (De Or. iii. 36), I shall not weary till I have traced out their doubtful ways.

In a few cases the subjunctive of protasis seems to be used: as, priusquam incipias consulto et ubi consulueris mature facto opus est (Sall. Cat. 1), before beginning you need reflection, and after reflecting, prompt action.

tempestas minatur antequain surgat (Sen. Ep. 103), the storm threatens before it rises. [Compare § 59, 5, a.]

d. Dum, donec, and quoad, implying purpose, take the subjunctive (§ 64); otherwise, except in later writers, the indicative. Dum and dummodo, provided, take the subjunctive: as, dum hæc geruntur (B. G. i. 46), while this was going on.

donec rediit silentium fuit (Liv. xxiii. 31), there was silence until he returned.

dum res maneant, verba fingant (Fin. v. 29), so long as the facts remain, let them fashion words.

hoc feci dum licuit, intermisi quoad non licuit (Phil. iii. 13), I did this so long as it was allowed, I discontinued so long as it was not.

dummodo sit polita, dum urbana, dum elegans (Brut. 82), provided it be polished, refined, elegant.

REMARK. With all temporal particles, the Subjunctive is often found, depending on other principles of construction.

e. Cum CAUSAL or CONCESSIVE (since, while, though) takes the subjunctive (often emphasized by ut, utpote, quippe, praesertim): as,

cum solitudo... insidiarum et metûs plena sit (Fin. i. 20), since solitude is full of treachery and fear.

...

cum primi ordines concidissent, tamen acerrime reliqui resistebant (B. G. vii. 62), though the first ranks had fallen, still the others resisted vigorously.

nec reprehendo: quippe cum ipse istam reprehensionem non fugerim (Att. x. 3), I do not blame it: since I myself did not escape that blame.

But frequently in the sense of quod, on the ground that, it takes the Indicative: as,

gratulor tibi cum tantum vales apud Dolabellam (Fam. xi. 14), I congratulate you that you are so strong with Dolabella. NOTE. This causal relation is merely a variation of the idea of time, where the attendant circumstances are regarded as the cause.

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f. Cum . . . tum, signifying both... and, usually take the Indicative; but when cum approaches the sense of while or though, it may have the Subjunctive: as,

cum multa non probo, tum illud in primis (Fin. i. 6), while there are many things I do not approve, there is this in chief. cum res tota ficta sit pueriliter, tum ne efficit quidem quod vult (ib.), while the whole thing is childishly got up, he does not even make his point.

63. CAUSE OR REASON.

Causal clauses may take the Indicative or Subjunctive according to their construction; the idea of Cause being contained not in the mood itself, but in the form of the argument, or the connecting particles.

1. The Causal Particles quod, quia, quoniam, quando -and in early Latin cum (causal) — take the Indicative: as,

quia postrema ædificata est (Verr. iv. 53), because it was built

last.

utinam illum diem videam, cum tibi agam gratias quod me vivere coëgisti (Att. iii. 3), O that I may see the day when I may thank you that you have forced me to live.

quoniam de utilitate jam diximus, de efficiendi ratione dicamus (Or. Part. 26), since we have now spoken of [its] advantage, let us speak of the method of effecting it.

quando ita vis di bene vortant (Trin. 573), since you so wish, may the gods bless the undertaking.

quom tua res distrahitur utinam te redîsse salvam videam (id. 617), since your property is torn in pieces, oh, that I may see you returned safely!

2. Clauses introduced by these particles, like any other dependent clause, take the Subjunctive of Indirect Discourse (see § 67, 1).

a. A relative clause of characteristic, with its verb, in the subjunctive, may have the force of a causal sentence (see § 65, 2).

b. The particle cum, when used in a causal sense, idiomatically takes the Subjunctive (§ 62, 2, e).

64. PURPOSE.

1. FINAL CLAUSES, or those expressing purpose, take the Subjunctive after relatives (qui ut is), or the conjunction ut (uti), in order that (negatively ut ne or ne, lest): as,

=

ab aratro abduxerunt Cincinnatum, ut dictator esset (Fin. ii. 4), they brought Cincinnatus from the plough, that he might be dictator.

scribebat orationes quas alii dicerent (Brut. 56), he wrote speeches for other men to deliver.

huic ne ubi consisteret quidem contra te locum reliquisti (Quinct. 22), you have left him no ground even to make a stand against you.

nihil habeo quod scribam, I have nothing to write.

habebam quo confugerem (Fam. iv. 6), I had [a retreat] whither I might flee.

ut ne sit impune (Mil. 12), that it be not with impunity.

ne qua ejus adventus procul significatio fiat (B. G. vi. 29), that no sign of his arrival may be made at a distance.

REMARK. Sometimes the relative or conjunction has a correlative in the main clause: as,

legum idcirco omnes servi sumus, ut liberi esse possimus (Clu. 53), for this reason we are subject to the laws, that we may be free. eâ causâ .

NOTE.

...

ne, for this reason, lest, &c.

As ut (uti) is of relative origin, the construction with ut is the same as that of relatives. That with ne is perhaps, in origin, a hortatory subjunctive.

a. The ablative quo (= ut eo) is used as a conjunction in final clauses, especially with comparatives: as,

libertate usus est, quo impunius dicax esset (Quinct. 3), he availed himself of liberty, that he might bluster with more impunity.

Compare quominus (= ut eo minus), after verbs of hindering (§ 65, 1, a).

b. The Principal clause, upon which a final clause depends, is often to be supplied from the context: as,

ac ne longum sit... jussimus (Cat. iii. 5), and, not to be tedious, we ordered, &c. [strictly, "not to be tedious, I say."] sed ut ad Dionysium redeamus, (Tusc. v.22), but to return to Dionysius, &c.

...

satis inconsiderati fuit, ne dicam audacis (Phil. xiii. 5), it was the act of one rash enough, not to say daring.

REMARK. To this principle belongs nedum, still less, not to mention that, with which the verb itself is often omitted: as,

nedum... salvi esse possimus (Clu. 35), much less could we be safe.

nedum isti... non statim conquisituri sint aliquid sceleris et flagitii (Leg. Ag. ii. 35), far more will they hunt up at once some sort of crime and scandal.

nedum in mari et viâ sit facile (Fam. xvi. 8), still less is it easy at sea, and on a journey.

c. Final clauses easily become the object of verbs of wishing, commanding, &c. (see § 70, 3).

2. The Purpose of an action is expressed in Latin in various ways; but never (except rarely in poetry) by the simple Infinitive, as in English. The sentence, they came to seek peace, may be rendered –

(2)

(3)

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(1) venerunt ut pacem peterent... [final clause with ut]; qui pacem peterent [final clause with Relative]; ad petendum pacem (rare) [gerund with ad ]; ad petendam pacem [gerundive with ad]; pacem petendi causâ* [gerund with causa]; pacis petendæ causâ [gerundive with causa]; pacem petituri [future participle (not in Cicero)]; pacem petitum [former supine].

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* Or gratiâ.

65. CONSEQUENCE OR RESult.

1. CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES, or those expressing result, take the Subjunctive after relatives or the conjunction ut, so that (negatively, ut non): as,

nemo est tam senex, qui se annum non putet posse vivere (Cat. M. 7), no one is so old as not to think he can live a year.

nam est innocentia affectio talis animi, quæ noceat nemini (Tusc. iii. 8), for innocence is such a quality of mind as to do

harm to no one.

sunt aliæ causæ quæ plane efficiant (Top. 15), there are other causes, such as to bring to pass.

REMARK.- A negative result is expressed by ut non. Sometimes, when the result is regarded as intended (though not a purpose), ut ne or ne is used: as,

[librum] ita corrigas ne mihi noceat (Fam. vi. 7), correct the book so that it may not hurt me.

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