c. The Indicative of verbs signifying necessity, propriety, and the like, may be used in the apodosis of implied conditions, either future or contrary to fact: as,

...

longum est [sit] ea dicere, sed . . . (in Pison. 10), it would be tedious to tell, &c.

illud erat aptius, æquum cuique concedere (Fin. iv. 1), it would be more fitting to yield each one his rights.

ipsum enim exspectare magnum fuit (Phil. ii. 40), would it have been a great matter to wait for himself?

quanto melius fuerat (Off. iii. 25), how much better it would have been.

quod contra decuit ab illo meum [corpus cremari] (Cat. M.), whereas on the other hand mine ought to have been burnt by him.

nam nos decebat domum lugere ubi esset aliquis in lucem editus (Tusc. i. 48), for it were fitting to mourn the house where a man has been born [but we do not].

nunc est bibendum... nunc Saliaribus ornare pulvinar deorum tempus erat dapibus sodales (Hor. Od. i. 37), i.e. it would be time [if it were for us to do it, but it is a public act].

REMARK.-Notice that, in this construction, the imperfect indicative refers to present time; the pluperfect to simply past time, like the perfect. Thus oportebat means it ought to be [now], but is not; oportuerat means it ought to have been, but was not.

d. The omission of the protasis often gives rise to mixed constructions: as,

peream male si non optimum erat (Hor. Sat. ii. 1), may I perish if it would not be better. [Here the protasis and apodosis come under § 59, 3, d. Optimum erat is itself an apodosis with the protasis omitted.]

quod si in hoc mundo fieri sine deo non potest, ne in sphærâ quidem eosdem motus Archimedes sine divino ingenio potuisset imitari (Tusc. i. 25). [Here the protasis of potuisset is in sine divino ingenio.]

61. CONDITIONAL PARTICLES.

Certain Particles implying a Condition are followed by the Subjunctive, but upon several different principles.

1. Comparative Particles. The particles of comparison - tamquam, quasi, quam si, acsi, utsi, velutsi, veluti, and poetic ceu-introduce conditional clauses, of

which the conclusion is omitted or implied; and take the subjunctive.

REMARK.-Contrary to the English idiom, the present and perfect subjunctive are regularly used with these particles, except where the connection of tenses requires secondary tenses: as,

tamquam clausa sit Asia (Fam. xii. 9), as if Asia was closed. tamquam si claudus sim (Plaut. Asin. 2), just as if I were lame. quasi vero non specie visa judicentur (Acad. ii. 18), as if forsooth visible things were not judged by their appearance. velut si coram adesset (B. G. i. 32), as if he were there present. similiter facis ac si me roges (N. S. iii. 3), you do exactly as if you asked me.

æque ac si mea negotia essent (Fam. xiii. 43), as much as if it were my own business.

ceu cetera nusquam bella forent (Æn. ii. 438), as if there were no fighting elsewhere.

magis quam si domi esses (Att. vi. 4), more than if you were at home.

ac si ampullam perdidisset (Fin. iv. 12), as if he had lost the bottle.

2. Concessive Particles. The particles of concession - although, granting that—sometimes take the subjunctive, but under various constructions: viz.,

Quamvis and ut (except in later writers) take the hortatory subjunctive (§ 57, 3); licet is a verb, and is followed by an object-clause (§ 70, 3); etsi has the same constructions as si (§ 59); cum has a special construction (§ 62, 1); quanquam takes the indicative (59, 3, a): as,

quamvis ipsi infantes sint, tamen .

able themselves of speaking, yet, &c.

(Or. 23), however incap

ut neminem alium. rogâsset (Mil. 17), even if he had asked

no other.

licet omnes in me terrores periculaque impendeant (Rosc. Am. 11), though all terrors and perils should menace me.

etsi abest maturitas (Fam. vi. 18), though ripeness of age is wanting.

etsi nihil aliud abstulissetis (Sull. 32), even if you had taken away nothing else.

3. A Proviso, introduced by modo, dum, dummodo, requires the Subjunctive: as,

valetudo modo bona sit (Brut. 16), provided the health is good. modo ne sit ex pecudum genere (Off. i. 30), provided it [pleasure] be not after the manner of cattle.

oderint dum metuant (Off. i. 28), let them hate, if only they fear. dum de patris morte quæreretur (Rosc. Am. 41), let the inquiry only be of a father's death.

dummodo inter me atque te murus intersit (Cat. i. 5), provided only the city wall is between us.

NOTE.The Subjunctive with modo is a hortatory Subjunctive; with dum and dummodo, a development from the Subjunctive in temporal clauses.

4. The use of some of the more common Conditional Particles may be stated as follows:

a. Si is used for affirmative, nisi and si non for negative conditions. With nisi, the negative belongs rather to the Apodosis, -i.e. the conclusion is true except in the case supposed; with si non, the Protasis is negative, -i.e. the conclusion is limited to the case supposed. (The difference is often only one of emphasis.) Nisi is never used if the clause has a concessive force. Ni is an old form, reappearing in poets and later writers, and in a few conventional phrases. Sometimes nisi si occurs.

b. Nisi vero and nisi forte - sometimes nisi aloneregularly introduce an objection, or exception, ironically, and take the Indicative.

c. Sive... sive (seu) introduce conditions in the form of an alternative. They have no peculiar construction, but may be used with any kind of condition, or with different kinds in the two branches, often also without a verb.

d. Of the concessive particles, the compounds of si are used in all the forms of protasis; quanquam regularly introduces only conceded facts, and hence takes the Indicative; quamvis, quantum vis, quamlibet, ut, cum, and libet, take idiomatic constructions corresponding to their original meaning. Later writers, however, frequently use all these particles like the compounds of si, connecting them with the Indicative or Subjunctive according to the nature of the condition. Even Cicero occasionally uses quanquam with the Subjunctive.

62. RELATIONS OF TIME.

Temporal clauses are introduced by particles which are almost all of relative origin; and are construed like other relative clauses, except where they have developed into special constructions.

Temporal Particles are the following:-ubi, ut (ut primum, ut semel), simul atque (simul ac or simul alone), cum (quom), antequam, priusquam, postquam (posteaquam), dum, donec, quoad, quamdiu, quando.

1. The particles ubi, ut, cum, quando, either alone or compounded with -cunque, are used as indefinite relatives, and have the constructions of Protasis (§ 59): as,

cum rosam viderat, tum incipere ver arbitrabatur (Verr. v. 10), whenever he had seen a rose, he thought Spring was begun [general condition].

cum id malum esse negas (Tusc. ii. 12), when you [the individual disputant] deny it to be an evil.

cum videas eos... dolore non frangi (id. 27), when you see [indefinite subject] that those are not broken by pain, &c. quod profecto cum me nulla vis cogeret, facere non auderem (Phil. v. 18), which I would surely noi venture to do, as long as no force compelled me [supposition contrary to fact]. id ubi dixisset, hastam in fines eorum emittebat (Liv. i. 32), when he had said this, he [used to] cast the spear into their territories [repeated action].

REMARK.

So est cum, fuit cum, &c., are used in general expressions like est qui, sunt qui (§ 65).

2. Temporal clauses of absolute time take the Indicative; those of relative time, the Subjunctive.

(For the definition of absolute and relative time, see § 58, 1, 9.)

NOTE. This distinction is not made in other languages, but it may be made clear in the two following expressions: 1. When was the great fire in London? Ans. When Charles II. was king (absolute time). 2. When Charles II. was king (relative time), a great fire broke out in London. In the first case the reign of Charles is referred to as an absolute fixed date, known to the hearer; while in the second the time is not so fixed, but is given as relative to the event narrated by the main verb, which alone denotes absolute time. In this construction, the Subjunctive describes the time by its characteristics (as in § 65, 2), and thus is a branch of the Subjunctive of result. Hence this qualitative character of the temporal clause often reappears and occasions the Subjunctive, where the idea of relative time would not naturally be expected: as, tum, cum HABERET hæc respublica Luscinos, &c. ... et tum, cum ERANT Catones, &c. Here the former clause describes the character of the age by its men (at a time when there were such men); in the latter, the individual men are present to the mind (at the time of the Catos, &c. Leg. Agr., ii. 24).

a. The particles postquam (posteāquam), ubi, ut (ut primum, ut semel), simul atque (simul ac or simul alone), introduce clauses of absolute time, and take the Indicative (usually the narrative tenses, the perfect and the historical present): as,

milites postquam victoriam adepti sunt, nihil reliqui victis fecêre (Sall. Cat. 11), when the armies had won the victory, they left nothing to the vanquished.

Pompeius ut equitatum suum pulsum vidit, acie excessit (B. C. iii. 94), when Pompey saw his cavalry beaten, he left the army. REMARK.-1. Those particles may also take the imperfect, denoting a continued state of things, and the pluperfect, denoting the result of an action completed, in the Indicative: as,

postquam instructi utrimque stabant, duces in medium procedunt (Liv. i. 23), when they stood in array on both sides, the generals advance into the midst.

P. Africanus posteaquam bis consul et censor fuerat (Div. in Cæc. 21), when Africanus had been [i.e. had the dignity of having been] twice consul and censor.

postquam id difficilius visum est, neque facultas perficiendi dabatur, ad Pompeium transierunt (B. C. iii. 60), when this seemed too hard, and no means of effecting it were given, they passed over to Pompey.

post diem quintum quam barbari iterum male pugnaverant (= victi sunt), legati a Boccho veniunt (Jug. 110), the fifth day after the barbarians were beaten the second time, envoys came from Bocchus.

2. Rarely these particles denote relative time, and take the Subjunctive: as,

posteaquam maximas ædificâsset ornâssetque classes (Manil. 4), having built and equipped mighty fleets.

b. Cum (quom), TEMPORAL, meaning when, introduces both absolute and relative time, and takes either mood, the Indicative of the present and perfect, the Subjunctive of the imperfect and pluperfect: as,

cum occiditur Sex. Roscius, ibidem fuerunt servi (Rosc. Am. 61), when Roscius was slain, the slaves were on the spot. nempe eo [lituo] regiones direxit tum cum urbem condidit (Div. i. 17), he traced with it the quarters [of the sky] at the time he founded the city.

cum servili bello premeretur (Manil. 11), when she [Italy] was under the load of the Servile war.

inde cum se in Italiam recepisset (id. 12), when he had returned thence to Italy.

cum incendisses cupiditatem meam... tum discedis a nobis (Fam. xv. 21), while you had inflamed my eagerness, yet you withdrew from us.

NOTE.The Present takes the Indicative because present time is generally, from its very nature, defined in the mind; and it is only when the circumstances are described as causal or adversative (see below, § 65, 2, e) that the Subjunctive is used. The Perfect takes the Indicative as the tense of narrative, as with postquam, &c. The Imperfect and Pluperfect are, from their nature, fitter to denote relative time.