a. But names of towns in us (os) are Feminine: as, Corinthus. Also, arctus (os), the Polar Bear; alvus, belly; carbăsus, linen (plural carbăsa, sails, N.); colus, distaff; humus, ground; vannus, winnowing-shovel; with many names of Plants and Gems.

b. The following are Neuter: pelăgus, sea; vīrus, poison; vulgus (rarely M.), the crowd. Their accusative, as of all neuters, is the same as the nominative.

4. Case Forms. a. The Locative form for the singular of this declension ends in i: as, humi, on the ground; Corinthi, at Corinth. For the plural, is: as, Philippis, at Philippi.

b. The genitive of nouns in ius or ium is correctly written with a single i: as, fili, of a son; inge'ni, of genius.

The same contraction occurs with the gen. sing. and the dat. and abl. plur. of nouns in āius and ēius: as, Grāis, Pompēi.

c. Proper names in ius lose e in the vocative: as, Vergi ́li; also, filius, son, genius, divine guardian; and the possessive meus, my: as, audi, mi fili, hear, my son.

d. Greek names in ius have the vocative ie; and adjectives derived from proper names — as Lacedaemonius also form

the vocative in`ie.

e. In the genitive plural, um (or, after v, om) is often found for ōrum, especially in poets.

f. Deus, god, has vocative deus; plural, nominative and vocative dei or di (dii); dative and ablative deis or dis (diis).

For the genitive plural deorum, divum or divom (from divus) is often used.

5. The following stems in ĕro, in which e belongs to the stem, retain e throughout: puer, boy; gener, son-in-law; socer, fatherin-law; vesper, evening; with compounds in -fer and -ger: as, lucifer, -fĕri, light-bringer; armiger, -gĕri, armor-bearer.

a. Vir, man, has the genitive viri; the adjective satur, sated, has saturi; vesper has abl. vespere (loc. vesperi).

b. Līber, a name of Bacchus, also has Liběri; so, too, the plur. liberi, children.

6. The following, which insert e, are declined like liber: ager, field; aper, boar; arbiter, judge; auster, south-wind; caper, goat; coluber, snake; conger, sea-eel; culter, knife; faber, smith; fiber, beaver; geometer, geometer; magister, master; minister, servant; oleaster, wild-olive; onager (grus), wildass; scomber (brus), mackerel.

7. Greek Nouns. a. Many Greek names in eus, as Orpheus (being of the third declension in Greek), have gen. ei or eos, dat. ei; acc. ea; voc. eu; abl. eo.

b. Many in es, belonging to the third declension, have also a gen. in i: as, Thucydidi.

c. Some Greek names in er have a form in us: as, Teucer, Teucrus.

d. About twenty words have the Greek ending Ŏs (M. or F.) or Ŏn (N.): as, mythos, i, o, on, e, o; plural i, orum, is, os: parēlion, ii (i), io; plural ia, iorum, iis.

Athōs and Androgeōs (Æn. vi. 20.) have a gen. in o.

Argos (N. nom. and acc.) has the plural form Argi, orum, &c.

11. THIRD DECLENSION.

Nouns of the Third Declension are most conveniently classed according to their Stems, whether ending in a vowel, a liquid, or a mute.

I. VOWEL-STEMS.

1. Vowel-stems of this declension end in i. Thus that of turris is turri-; and that of mare, mari-.

a. Nouns of this class are parisyllabic; that is, the oblique cases of the singular have no more syllables than the nominative. (For exceptions in al, ar, see 2, c.)

b. A few stems ending in u-, as of grus, sus, were treated as consonant-stems. (See III. 4, a.)

2. The Nominative, except in neuters, is formed from the stem by adding s.

a. About thirty nouns (as nubes) change ĭ to ē in the nominative (Compare Note, p. 22).

These are acinăces, alces, cædes, cautes, clades, compages, contāges, crates, fames, feles, fides, labes, meles, moles, nubes, proles, propāges, sedes, sepes, sordes, strages, subõles, sudes, tabes, torques, tudes, vates, vehes, verres.

b. The nominative of a few stems in ri- does not add s, but loses i, inserting e before r. These are imber, linter, uter, venter.

c. The nominative of neuters is the same as the stem, with the change of I to ĕ. But, when i is preceded by al or ar, the e is lost (except in collare, mare, navale, tibiale).

NOTE. This latter class were originally neuters of adjectives in alis, aris; and, when used as adjectives, retain the e. They are the following: animal, cervical, cubital, puteal, toral, tribunal; calcar, cochlear, exemplar, lacunar, laquear, luminar, palear, pulvinar, torcular, vectigal.

3. Case Forms. a. The regular form of the accusative singular, M. and F., is im (as am, um, em of the other voweldeclensions). But, in most nouns, this was supplanted by the consonant-form em; and it is only retained in the following:

1. Exclusively (1) in Greek nouns and names of rivers; (2) in buris, cucumis, ravis, sitis, tussis, vis; (3) in adverbs in tim (being acc. of nouns in tis), with partim and amussim;

2. Along with em in febris, restis, turris, secūris, sementis, and (in one or two passages) in many other words.

b. The regular form of the ablative singular is ī (as in the other declensions ā, ō, ū, ē, with loss of the original d). This was also supplanted by ě, and retained only

1. Exclusively (1) in those above having accusative in im; also securis, and the following adjectives used as nouns æqualis, annalis, aqualis, consularis, gentilis, molaris, primipilaris, tribulis; (2) in neuters (as above), except baccar, jubar, and sometimes (in verse) mare, rete;

2. Along with e in avis, clavis, febris, finis, ignis (always aquâ et igni interdici), imber, navis, ovis, pelvis, puppis, sementis, strigilis, turris; and the following adjectives used as nouns : affinis, bipennis, canalis, familiaris, natalis, rivalis, sapiens, triremis, vocalis.

3. The ablative of fames, hunger, is always of the Fifth declension. The defective mane, morning, has sometimes abl. mani.

4. Most names of towns in e-as Præneste, Care- and the mountain Soracte, have the ablative in e.

c. The regular nominative plural would be is, but this is rarely found. The regular accusative is is common, but not exclusively used in any word.

d. The regular genitive plural ium is retained by all except the following:

(1) ambages and volucris (always um); (2) vates (commonly um); (3) apis, cædes, clades, subõles (rarely um); (4) canis, juvenis, mensis, had not originally vowel-stems, and retain um; but mensis has both.

4. Greek Nouns. - A few Greek nouns in is have the acc. im or in, voc. I, abl. i.

Many in es have forms of the First or Second Declension: as, Achilles, gen. ei or i, dat. i, acc. ēn, ea, voc. ĕ, abl. i.

NOTE. Nouns such as urbs, pars, having the genitive plural ium and the accusative (occasionally) is, were originally vowel-stems.

II. LIQUID STEMS.

In nouns whose stem ends in a liquid (1, n, r), the nominative has no termination, but is the same as the stem, except when modified as follows:

a. Final n of the stem is dropped in masculines and feminines, except some Greek nouns: as, leōn-is, leo; legiōn-is, legio.

b. Stems ending in din-, gin- (mostly feminine) retain in the nominative an original o: as, virgo. Those in in- preceded by any other consonant retain an original ě: as, carmen, înis, N.; cornicen, inis, M. (Exceptions IV. 2, b.)

c. Nouns whose stem ends in tr retain in the nominative an original e: as, pater (compare 1. 2, b.).

d. In neuters whose stem ends in ĕr, or, ur, the r was originally s, which is retained in the nominative, Ŏ of the stem being weakened into : as, opus, ĕris: corpus, Ŏris. A few masc. and fem. stems also retain s. (Exceptions IV. 2, b.)

e. Stems in 11, rr, lose one of these liquids in the nominative.

f. The following have gen. plur. ium: glis, mas, ren, mus.
SING. Consul. PLUR.
SING. Name. PLUR.

/Nom. consul

D.

honōri

leōnis
leōni

patris

arboris

virgo
virginis

opus

operis

patri

A.

A.

honorem leönem patrem
honōre

Plur.

arbori virgini operi
arborem virginem opus

leōne patre arbore virgine opěre

N. A. V. honōres leōnes patres arbores

G.

virgines opěra honōrum leōnum patrum arborum virginum operum D. Ab. honoribus leonibus patribus arboribus virginibus operibus/

III. MUTE STEMS.

Masculine or feminine nouns whose stem ends in a Mute form the nominative by adding s.

tive the simple stem.

Neuters have for nomina

NOTE. If the stem ends in two consonants, the genitive plural generally has ium (11. 8, N.). Some of these, originally i-stems, have also an old noininative in is: as, trubis, urbis.

1. Labial. If the mute is a labial (b, p), s is simply added to the stem.

a. Stems in Ip- retain in the nominative an original e, the vowel having been weakened in the other cases: as, princeps, Ĭpis. b. Most stems in cip- (M.) are compounds of the root căp (in capio) take: as, auceps (avi-ceps), bird-catcher.

In these the stem sometimes has the form cup-, as aucupis.

c. The only noun whose stem ends in m is hiemps, winter. (For the insertion of p, see note, foot of p. 3.)

2. Lingual. If the mute is a lingual (d, t), it is sup

pressed before s.

a. Stems in it- (M. or F.) retain in the nominative an original e: as, hospĕs, Itis. (In a few, as comes, the e is not original.) NOTE. The only nominative in t is caput, itis.

b. Neuter stems ending in two consonants, and those ending in ǎt- (Greek nouns), drop the final lingual in the nominative: as, cor, cordis; poēma, ǎtis.