f. When the secondary tenses of the subjunctive are used in protasis and apodosis, they may stand after any tense: as,

quia tale sit, ut vel si ignorarent id homines, &c. (Fin. ii. 15), because it is such that even if men were ignorant.

g. The imperfect subjunctive, in protasis or apodosis, even when it refers to present time, is regularly followed by secondary tenses: as,

si solos eos diceres miseros quibus moriendum esset, neminem exciperes (Tusc. i. 5), if you called only those wretched who must die, you would except no one.

h. After the present, when a past tense appears to be in the writer's thought, secondary tenses sometimes follow by a kind of Synesis: as,

sed tamen ut scires hæc tibi scribo (Fam. xiii. 47), but yet that you may know, I write thus [as if Epistolary Imperfect]. cujus præcepti tanta vis est ut ea non homini cuipiam sed Delphico deo tribueretur (Leg. i. 22), such is the force of this precept, that it was ascribed not to any man, but to the Delphic god [the precept was an old one].

11. Infinitive. The tenses of the Infinitive are present, past, or future, relatively to the time of the verb on which they depend: as,

nostros non esse inferiores intellexit (B. G. ii. 8), he ascertained that our men were not inferior.

quam Juno fertur terris magis omnibus coluisse (En. i. 15), which Funo, 'tis said, cherished above all lands.

sperant se maximum fructum esse capturos (Læl. 21), they hope they shall receive the greatest advantage.

a. The present infinitive, after a verb in the past, must often be rendered by the perfect infinitive in English: as,

scire potuit (Milo, 17), he might have known.

qui videbatur omnino mori non debuisse (Arch. 8), who seemed [one that] ought not to have died at all.

REMARK. — This is most frequent with verbs of necessity, propriety, and possibility (potui, debui, oportuit).

b. The perfect infinitive represents, in indirect discourse (§ 67, 1), any past tense of a finite mood. But the imperfect is sometimes represented by the present infinitive, - regularly after memini where the memory recalls the action, but not where it recalls the mere fact (compare G. 203, N. 1): as,

quis potest credere senatum putâsse (Mil. 5), who can believe the Senate thought [dir. disc. putabat]?

memini Catonem mecum disserere (Læl. 3), I remember Cato's discoursing with me (So dicere aiebat, De Or. ii. 3).

meministis me ita distribuisse causam (Rosc. Am. 42), you remember that I so laid out the case.

c. Except in Indirect Discourse the present infinitive only is generally used, with no distinct reference to time: as,

est adulescentis majores natu vereri (Off. i. 34), it is the duty of the young to reverence their elders.

de quibus dicere aggrediar (Off. ii. 1), of which I will undertake to speak.

d. After verbs of wishing, necessity, and the like, the perfect passive infinitive is often used instead of the present: as,

domesticâ curâ te levatum [esse] volo (Q. F. iii. 9), I wish you relieved of household care.

liberis consultum volumus propter ipsos (Fin. iii. 17), we wish regard paid to children on their own account.

quod jampridem factum esse oportuit (Cat. i. 2), which ought to have been done long ago.

REMARK. — In early Latin, and in poetry, the perfect active is also used, and even after other verbs than those of wishing: as, commisisse cavet (Hor. A. P. 168), he is cautious of doing. edixerunt ne quis quid fugæ causâ vendidisse neve emisse vellet (Liv. xxxix. 17), they [the old laws] declared that none should sell or buy to escape obligation.

haud equidem premendo alium me extulisse velim (id. xxii. 59), I would not by crushing another exalt myself.

sunt qui nolint tetigisse (Hor. Sat. i. 2), there are those who would not touch.

nollem dixisse (Verr. v. 20), I would not say.

e. The perfect infinitive is used, especially by poets, to denote a completed action after verbs of feeling; also with satis est (habeo), melius est, contentus sum, and in a few other cases where this distinction is important: as,

quiêsse erit melius (Liv. iii. 48), it will be better to have kept quiet.

non pœnitebat intercapedinem scribendi fecisse (Fam. xvi. 21), I was not sorry to have made a respite of writing.

pudet me... non præstitisse (id. xiv. 3), I am ashamed not to have shown.

sunt quos curriculo pulverem Olympicum collegisse juvat (Hor. Od. i. 1), there are those who delight, &c.

majus dedecus est parta amittere quam omnino non paravisse (Jug. 31), it is more discredit to have lost one's gains than never to have gained at all.

nil ego si peccem possum nescisse (Ov. Her. xvii. 47), if I go wrong, I cannot have done it in ignorance.

f. The future infinitive is often expressed by fore or futurum esse ut (§ 70, 4): as,

spero fore ut contingat id nobis (Tusc. i.), I hope that will be our happy lot. [But, sperat se posse (Mil. 12).]

59. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.

A Conditional Sentence (or Clause) is one beginning with IF, or some equivalent.

1. Protasis and Apodosis. In a conditional sentence, the clause containing the condition is called the Protasis; and that containing the conclusion is called the Apodosis: as,

si qui exire volunt [PROTASIS], conivere possum [APODOSIS] (Cat. ii. 12), if any wish to depart, I can keep my eyes shut.

a. The Protasis is regularly introduced by the conditional particles si, if; sin, but if; nisi (ni), unless. But a clause introduced by an Indefinite Relative (as quisquis, whoever), a Relative or Concessive Conjunction (cum, since, quamvis, although), a Participle, or an Imperative, is treated as a conditional clause: as,

quæcunque causa vos huc attulisset, lætarer (De Or. ii. 4), I should be glad, whatever cause had brought you here [i.e. if any other, as well as the one which did].

philosophia, cui qui pareat, omne tempus ætatis sine molestia possit degere (Cat. M. 1), philosophy, which IF any one obeys, he will be able to spend his whole life without vexation. virtutem qui adeptus erit ubicunque erit gentium a nobis diligetur (N. D. i. 44), if any one shall have attained virtue, &c.

[For Implied Conditions, see § 60.]

NOTE.-The Indefinite Relative, whoever, whatever, whenever, may be regarded as a conditional expression, equivalent to if any one, if at any time, &c., as is seen in the analogy of the Greek ôç uv, örav, and in the structure of relative as compared with conditional clauses. In the Statutes of Massachusetts, for instance, the phrase "Whoever shall" has been substituted for the old form "IF any person shall," &c.

b. The Apodosis, being the main clause, depends in form on the grammatical structure of the sentence, which may require a Participle, Infinitive, or Phrase: as,

quod si præterea nemo sequatur, tamen se cum solâ decimâ legione iturum (B. G. i. 40), but if no one else would follow, he would go with the tenth legion alone.

si quos adversum prælium commoveret, hos reperire posse (id.), if the loss of a battle alarmed any, they might find.

sepulturâ quoque prohibituri, ni rex humari jussisset (Q. C. viii. 2), intending also to deprive him of burial, unless the king had ordered him to be interred.

2. Particular and General Conditions. The supposition contained in a Protasis may be either particular or general.

a. A Particular supposition refers to a definite act (or a definite series of acts) occurring at some definite time: as,

si hæc condicio consulatûs data est. . . feram libenter (Cat. iv. 1), if this condition has been imposed on the consulship, I will bear it willingly.

b. A General supposition refers to any one of a class of acts, which may occur (or may have occurred) at any time: as,

si vero habet aliquod tamquam pabulum studi atque doctrinæ, nihil est otiosâ senectute jucundius (Cat. M. 14), indeed, if it have some sustenance (as it were) of study and learning, nothing is more cheerful than an old age of leisure.

NOTE.These two classes of conditions are distinguished logically; and in most languages are also distinguished grammatically, but only as to Present and Past Conditions. In Latin, in particular conditions, present or past tenses of the Indicative are regularly used in Protasis, where no opinion is intimated of its truth or falsity; and the Apodosis may take any form of the verb which can be used in an independent sentence. In general conditions, also, referring to Present or Past time, the Indicative is for the most part used both in Protasis and Apodosis. (Compare Goodwin's Greek Grammar, § 220.)

c. Classification. The principal forms of Conditional Sentences may be exhibited as follows:

1. PRESENT OR PAST CONDITIONS.

(a) Simple statement (nothing implied as to fulfilment):

(b) Supposition contrary to fact (condition not fulfilled):

si adest bene est, if he is [now] here, it is well.

si aderat (adfuit) bene erat, if he was [then] here, it was well.

si adesset bene esset, if he were [now] here, it would be well.

si adfuisset bene fuisset, if he had [then] been here, it would have been well.

2. FUTURE CONDITIONS.

(a) More vivid (prob- ( si aderit bene erit, if he is [shall be] able):

here, it will be well.

(b) Less vivid (improb- si adsit bene sit, if he should [hereafter] be here, it would be well.

able):

{

3. GENERAL SUPPOSITIONS.

(a) Indefinite subject: {

si hoc dicas bene est, if one says this,

it is well.

si học diceret bene erat (rare), if

(b) Repeated Action: { [whenever] he said this, it was well.

3. Present and Past Conditions. A present or past condition may be simply stated, implying nothing as to its fulfilment; or it may be stated so as to imply that it is not or was not fulfilled.

a. In the statement of a condition whose falsity is NOT implied, the present and past tenses of the Indicative are used in Protasis; the apodosis expressing simply what is, was, or will be, the result of the fulfilment (G. 221): as,

si tu exercitusque valetis, bene est (Fam. v. 2), if you and the army are well, it is well.

si justitia vacat, in vitio est (Off. i. 19), if justice be wanting, it [bravery] is in fault.

si placet... videamus (Cat. M. 5), if you please, let us see. fuerit hoc censoris, si judicabat (Div. i. 16), grant that it was the censor's duty if he judged, &c.

quicquid jurârunt ventus et unda rapit (Prop. ii. 28), whatever they have sworn [i.e. if they have sworn anything], the winds and waves sweep away.

b. In the statement of a supposition known to be false, the Imperfect and Pluperfect subjunctive are used, the imperfect referring to present time, the pluperfect to past (G. 222): as, quæ si exsequi nequirem, tamen me lectulus oblectaret meus (Cat. M. 11), if I could not [now] follow this [an active life], yet my couch would afford me pleasure.

nisi tu amisisses, nunquam recepissem (id. 4), unless you had lost it, I should not have recovered it.

si meum consilium auctoritasque valuisset, tu hodie egeres, nos liberi essemus, respublica non tot duces et exercitus amisisset (Phil. ii. 15), if my judgment and authority had prevailed [as they did not], you would this day be a beggar, we should be free, and the republic would not have lost so many leaders and armies.

NOTE. The implication of falsity, in this construction, is not inherent in the Subjunctive; but comes from the transfer of a future condition to past time. Thus the time for the happening of the condition has, at the time of writing, already passed; so that, if the condition remains a condition, it must be contrary to fact. So forms implying a future frequently take the place of the subjunctive in apodosis in this construction (see e, below).

c. In many cases the imperfect refers to past time, both in protasis and apodosis, especially when a repeated or continued action is denoted, or when the condition if true would still exist: as,

hic si mentis esset suæ, ausus esset educere exercitum (Pis. 21), if he were of sane mind would he have dared to lead out the army?