is used, idiomatically, in Temporal Clauses (§ 62), in Indirect Discourse (§ 67), in Indirect Questions (id.), and in Intermediate Clauses (§ 66).

[For Subjunctive after Particles of Comparison, see § 61.]

[For the so-called Subjunctive of Cause, see § 63.]

NOTE.-The Present Subjunctive contains two distinct forms,the Subjunctive and Optative of the "Indo-European" tongue. Both these forms had originally a future meaning; and from these future meanings all the uses of this mood in Latin are developed. The subjunctive proper was originally a Present, denoting continued action, which became Future in sense (compare conative present and present for future, § 58, 2, b); and afterwards, in many uses, Imperative (compare future for imperative). The optative contains, in composition, a past tense of the root I (whence eo, simu, go); so that it had a futurum in præterito meaning, which developed into a conditional future, and into an expression of wish and command; and, in Latin, lost its connection with past time.

The other tenses of the Subjunctive are compounds formed (in Latin alone) to remedy the confusion of optative and subjunctive. The Subjunctive has, therefore, the uses of both the optative and subjunctive of the cognate languages.

3. Hortatory Subjunctive. The subjunctive is used in the Present-less commonly in the Perfect- to express a command or exhortation: as,

hos latrones interficiamus (B. G. vii. 38), let us kill these robbers.

aut bibat aut abeat (Tusc. v. 41), let him quaff or quit. caveant intemperantiam, meminerint verecundiæ (Off. i. 34), let them shun excess and cherish modesty.

Epicurus hoc viderit (Acad. ii. 7), let Epicurus look to this. his quoque de rebus pauca dicantur (Off. i. 35), of this, too, let a few words be said.

NOTE.The Perfect represents an action as complete in the future; but in most cases it can hardly be distinguished from the Present.

a. The Second Person is used only of an indefinite subject, except in prohibition, in early Latin, and in poetry: as,

injurias fortunæ, quas ferre nequeas, defugiendo relinquas (Tusc. v. 41), the wrongs of fortune, which you cannot bear, you will leave behind by flight.

nihil ignoveris (Mur. 31), pardon nothing.

amicus populo Romano sis (Liv. xxvi. 50), be a friend to the Roman people.

b. In prohibitions, the Perfect is more common than the Pres

ent: as,

hoc facito: hoc ne feceris (Div. ii. 61), thou shalt do this: thou shalt not do that.

nec mihi illud dixeris (Fin. i. 7), do not say that to me. ne territus fueris (Tac. H. i. 16), be not terrified.

sometimes with modo,

c. The hortatory subjunctive is used modo ne, tantum, tantum ne, or ne alone—to denote a pro

viso: as,

valetudo modo bona sit (Brut. 16), if only the health be good. aliam condicionem tantummodo aquam (Jug. 79), another condition, provided it were just.

modo ne sit ex pecudum genere (Off. i. 30), provided only he be not of brutish stock.

tantummodo Gnæus noster ne Italiam relinquat (Q. F. iii. 9), if only Pompey will not forsake Italy.

manent ingenia senibus, modo permaneat studium et industria (Cat. M. 7), old men retain their mind if they only retain their zeal and diligence.

d. The Imperfect and Pluperfect of the hortatory subjunctive denote an obligation in past time, -the latter more clearly representing the time for the action as past: as,

moreretur, inquies (Rab. Post.), he should have died you will

say.

ne poposcisses (Att. ii. 1), you should not have asked. potius diceret (Off. iii. 22), he should rather have said. saltem aliquid de pondere detraxisset (Fin. iv. 20), at least he should have taken something from the weight.

4. Optative Subjunctive. The subjunctive is used to denote a Wish, the Present, a wish conceived as possible; the Imperfect, an unaccomplished one in the present; the Pluperfect, one unaccomplished in the past: as,.

ita vivam (Att. v. 15), so may I live [as true as I live].

ne vivam si scio (id. iv. 16), I wish I may not live if I know. di te perduint (Deiot.), the gods confound thee!

valeant, valeant, cives mei; valeant, sint incolumes (Mil. 34), farewell [he says], my fellow-citizens; may they be secure from harm.

a. The Perfect in this use is antiquated: as,

male di tibi faxint (Plaut. Curc. 131), may the gods do thee a mischief..

b. The particles uti (ut), utinam, O si, often precede the Subjunctive of wish: as,

falsus utinam vates sim (Liv. xxi.), I wish I may be a false prophet.

ut pereat positum rubigine telum (Hor. Sat. ii. 1), may the unused weapon perish with rust.

utinam me mortuum vidisses (Q. Fr. i. 3), would you had seen me dead.

NOTE. In this use, the particle has no effect on the grammatical construction, except that O si is probably a Protasis.

c. Velim with the present subjunctive, and vellem with the imperfect or pluperfect-with their compounds-(strictly, conditional sentences with the wish in a dependent clause) are often used instead of a proper optative subjunctive: as,

de Menedemo vellem verum fuisset, de reginâ velim verum sit (Att. iv. 16), about Mendemus I wish it had been true; about the queen I hope it may be.

nollem accidisset tempus (Fam. iii. 10), I wish the time never had come.

5. Concessive Subjunctive. The subjunctive is used to express a concession, either with or without ut, quamvis, quamlibet, and similar words.

REMARK. - In this use, the Present refers to future or indefinite time; the Imperfect to present or past time, the concession being impliedly untrue; the Perfect to past time or completed future time; the Pluperfect to completed action in past time (usually untrue): as,

nemo is unquam fuit: ne fuerit (Or. 29), there never was such a one you will say: granted.

quamvis comis in amicitiis tuendis fuerit (Fin. ii. 25), amiable as he may have been in keeping his friendships.

sit Scipio clarus, ornetur Africanus, erit profecto aliquid loci nostræ (Cat. iv. 10), let Scipio be glorious, and Africanus honored, yet surely there will be some room for our fame. dixerit hoc idem Epicurus non pugnem cum homine (Fin. v. 27), though Epicurus may have said the same, I would not contend with the man.

ne sit summum malum dolor, malum certe est (Tusc. ii. 5), granted that pain is not the greatest evil, at least it is an evil.

fuerit aliis tibi quando esse cœpit (Verr. i. 41), suppose he was [so] to others, when did he begin to be to you?

6. The Present, and rarely the Perfect Subjunctive, are used in questions implying doubt, indignation, or an impossibility of the thing being done (dubitative subjunctive): as,

sed quid faciamus (Att. viii. 23), but what can we do? quid loquar plura (Pis. 32), why should I say more?

quid hoc homine faciatis (Verr. ii. 16), what are you to do with this fellow?

an ego exspectem dum tabellæ diribeantur (Pis. 40), what, shall I wait till the ballots are counted? quis enim celaverit ignem (Ov. Her. xv.

the flame?

7), who could conceal

The Imperfect denotes the same idea in past time: as,

an ego non venirem (Phil. ii. 2), what, should I not have come? quid dicerem (Att. vi. 3), what was I to say?

7. Imperative. The Imperative is used in Commands; also, by early writers and poets, in Prohibitions: as,

selves.

consulite vobis, prospicite patriæ, conservate vos (Cat. iv. 2), have care for yourselves, guard the country, preserve your[much. nimium ne crede colori (Ecl. ii. 17), trust not complexion overad me fac venias (Fam. xiv. 4), do come to me.

a. Prohibitions are regularly (in classical Latin) expressed by ne with the second person singular of the Perfect Subjunctive; by noli with the Infinitive; or by cave (colloquially fac ne) with the Present or Perfect Subjunctive: as,

ne territus fueris (Tac. H. i. 16), be not frightened.

noli putare (Brut. 33), do not suppose.

cave faxis (Ter. Heaut. 187), do not do it.

fac ne quid aliud cures (Fam. xvi. 11), pray attend to nothing

else.

b. In early Latin, in poetry, and in general prohibitions, the Present Subjunctive is also used: as,

Albi ne doleas (Hor. Od. i. 33), grieve not, Albius.

denique isto bono utare dum adsit: cum absit ne requiras (Cat. M. 10), in short, use this good while present; when wanting, do not regret it.

REMARK.The third person of the Imperative is antiquated or poetic.

ollis salus populi suprema lex esto (id.), the safety of the people shall be their first law.

justa imperia sunto, iisque cives modeste parento (Leg. iii. 3),

let the commands be just, and let the citizens strictly obey them.

c. The Future Imperative is used where there is a distinct reference to the future time: viz.

1. In connection with a future or future-perfect;

2. With adverbs or other expressions of time;

3. In general directions, as Precepts, Statutes, Edicts, and Wills: as,

cum valetudini consulueris, tum consulito navigationi (Fam. xvi. 4), when you have attended to your health, then look to your sailing.

rei suæ ergo ne quis legatus esto (Leg.), no one shall be ambassador in his own affair.

REMARK. — The future form of the imperative is regularly used of scio, memini, and habeo (in the sense of consider): as,

filiolo me auctum scito (Att. i. 2), learn that I am blessed with a little boy.

sic habeto, mi Tiro (Fam. xvi. 4), so understand it, my good Tiro.

de pallâ memento, amabo (Pl. Asin.), pray, dear, remember the gown.

d. The Future is sometimes used for the imperative; and quin (why not?) with the present indicative may have the force of an imperative: as,

si quid acciderit novi, facies ut sciam (Fam. xiv. 8), you will let me know if anything new happens.

quin accipis? (Ter. Heaut. iv. 7), here, take it.

:

8. Infinitive. The Infinitive denotes the action of the verb as an abstract noun, differing, however, from other abstract nouns in the following points (1) It admits, in many cases, of the distinction of tense; (2) It is modified by adverbs and not by adjectives; (3) It governs the case of its verb; (4) It is only used in special constructions.

NOTE.- The Infinitive is properly the Dative case of an abstract noun, denoting Purpose, which has developed in Latin, in many cases, into a substitute for a finite verb. Hence the variety of its use. Its Subject is, strictly, the Object of some other verb, which has become attached to it: as, jubeo te valere, lit., 1 command you for being well (i.e. that you may be well); just as, in Purpose-clauses, the purpose becomes the object of command (compare Purpose Clauses, § 64).

a. Infinitive as Subject. The infinitive, with or without a subject accusative, may be used as the Subject of a verb (or in predicate apposition), and, rarely, as the Object: as,