is to the English labourer, and frequently forms a principal part of breakfast as well as dinner. The better sort of farmers live in the same way, except that the soup has rather more ingredients, and is generally accompanied by a dish of meat. The drink of all ranks is cyder, so that in fact the Jersey farmer lives almost entirely on the produce of his land, consuming the least profitable portion, and carrying the rest to market. Take the diet in what way you will it is far from a generous one, and looks very meagre beside the huge pieces of bacon, cheese, and pitchers of ale, which are disposed of by our English farm servants.

In the article of dress we find as much of home production as in diet: most of the women's clothes, and great part of the men's, are composed of worsted, fashioned by the knitting-needle, and are generally the produce of home industry. There are

but few holidays to relieve the monotony of country life: Christmas, Easter, and New Year's Day, are the chief feasts, and are the former especially-times of festivity and merry-making;-the table is covered with good substantials, accompanied with punch, wine, cards, and all their usual auxiliaries.

But I must not leave the country people without noticing a circumstance peculiar to these islands-I mean the collecting the "vraie" alluded to before, which forms the chief part both of manure for the land, and also for fuel.

The vraie is a sea-weed which grows in great abundance on the vast beds of rock surrounding the island, and is gathered at stated periods twice a-year, which periods are fixed by the Government, and no one is allowed, under heavy penalties, to gather it at any other time: the seasons generally commence about the middle of March and July, and last each time about ten days. When the vraieking season commences, the country people go in parties of eight, ten, or more persons, from all parts of the island, to their labour, carrying 'with them their provisions, and a peculiar sort of cake, made only at this season, called "vraieking cakes," composed of flour, milk and sugar. Every person is provided with a small scythe, to cut the weed from the rocks, and strong boots, or other substitute, to keep their feet from the water. Thus provided, they wait at the water's edge till the tide has gone down far enough to allow them to get to the rocks, which are soon covered with people, busily engaged in reaping their marine harvest, while numbers of others are equally busy in conveying it to the carts on the beach; and so intent are they upon their work, that they will not leave until the returning tide absolutely and unceremoniously dismisses them; and I have seen some who have disputed their ground inch by inch, cutting higher and higher on the rocks as the tide rose, until at length they were compelled to take to their boat, and suspend their labours till the next day. The numbers engaged in this work are astonishing, and happening to take an excursion with some friends on one of the vraieking days, we found the roads near the coast covered with carts and people going to, and returning from, their laborious, but needful employment. This weed, when dried, is the fuel commonly used by the country people; sometimes a little wood is burnt with it, but coal scarcely ever; the fire it makes is as hot, though not so cheerful, as one of coal.

But it is not as fuel only that it is valuable,-it supplies the farmer with manure for his land; and of how much importance it is considered to be, may be best known by the laws which are in force respecting it: among others it is forbidden to carry away any vraie between sunset and sunrise, in order to give those in the interior an equal chance with those near the coast; and in case of a quantity being driven ashore by the wind, there is a law for directing its equal distribution.

But, my dear L —, if I begin with the dry details of law, you will, I fear, remind me that you want a sketch of people and places, and not an inquiry into the policy or impolicy of local regulations; so, as I have noticed all that is interesting in that respect in this community, I shall now endeavour to give you an outline of the

ISLAND OF GUERNSEY,

where I am at present located. I arrived here a few days since by the packet from Jersey; and you will recollect that I noticed it, en passant, in my first. The approach to Guernsey does not possess the same attractions as the neighbouring island, as it lacks that fertility and luxuriance which appear round the chief town of Jersey. St. Peter's Port-the chief town of Guernsey-has, however, a much finer appearance

from the sea than the former, taking it as a town only: the former as I have told you, lies on a plain; the latter rises from the sea on the side of a hill, so that it is shown in its full extent, while its churches and hospital, with some other public buildings, give it an air of importance, far greater than it really is deserving of. On landing many of these appearances are found to be deceptive, and the first impressions of the town, when in it, are very different to those excited by viewing it at a distance. The streets near the harbour are narrow, steep and crooked, many of them consisting of lofty prison-like houses, and we look in vain for any of the genteel terraces, or handsome streets, which are seen on entering St. Heliers.

St. Peter's Port has a good harbour, with two piers, near to which stands the church of St. Peter, erected in 1312;-there is nothing remarkable about the building, or worthy particular attention.-There are, besides it, two other churches, both of modern date. Leaving this part of the town the stranger has the choice of either walking up streets-(which, from their steepness, is no easy task)—or of taking advantage of numerous flights of stairs which communicate with the upper and lower parts of the town: he then reaches the market place, which is large, well built, and well supplied with every variety of produce. As I have given you some details of the price and supply in the Jersey market, I shall not repeat them here, as they are nearly on a par in both islands.

I must, however, take some notice of the fish market, which the natives assert to be without an equal in Europe, and I do not doubt but such is the case. It forms a spacious Arcade,—one hundred and ninety feet in length, and lofty and broad in proportion,-it is built of stone, and along the upper part is an extensive range of windows. A double row of marble slabs extend the entire length of the building, which are covered with fish in a state of freshness rarely to be seen in England. The fish is all cleansed before it is brought into the place, and every slab is supplied with a tap for obtaining an abundant quantity of water; and owing to these circumstances, and the uncommon freshness of the fish, the market is perfectly free from that disagreeable smell which is always perceptible in English fish markets.

There are but few buildings worthy of notice in the town, therefore I shall dismiss them as briefly as possible, that we may again wander together, in imagination,

By bending dales where groves are seen,
By waters clear, and margins green ;"-

for many such there are in this island, though not equal in beauty to those we have last visited. But to proceed :

There are two Institutions which are justly regarded with pride and admiration, and which, in their objects and management, reflect no small credit both on the island and town. The first of these is Elizabeth College, a noble Institution, and as noble a building :--it stands in a most commanding situation, overlooking a great part of the town, and has an air of solemnity and beauty about it which well agrees with the purposes for which it is used.

This seminary takes its name from its founder, Queen Elizabeth, who established it in 1563, and assigned certain rents to it as an endowment. It was, however, of little utility till within the last ten or twelve years, since which time it has been placed under such management that it offers fully equal, if not greater, advantages for the education of youth than are to be found in any public seminary or college elsewhere.I could go into great detail in support of this assertion, but I shall merely state that the system of education pursued in it is of the widest nature, and embraces all the knowledge fitted for the purposes of life in every pursuit, which, in practical utility, far exceeds the exclusively classical plan which is too much the fashion in England.Economy is also no small recommendation to this establishment: the regular college fee is £12. per annum, for the general routine of education; comprising all the classics, divinity, history, mathematics, &c., and the above advantages call all be enjoyed, including board, for from £50. to £60. per annum. There are several exhibitions connected with it-besides medals and prizes-for a proficiency in the different branches of education.

The other Institution to which I alluded is the hospital: an establishment every way as creditable to those who have the management of it, and to the feeling of the

island at large, as the college, though its influence is directed in a different channel.The hospital was established in the year 1743, and combines in one Institution a refuge for the destitute, a workhouse, and a school for the instruction and maintenance of poor children of both sexes: the average number at one time in the building-men, women and children-is about 300. I have learned the amount of housekeeping expences for the last year: these are certainly quite superfluous for my present communication, but I cannot refrain from giving you the following items for the last twelve months, to shew in what manner these inmates of charity fare :

14,526lbs. of beef, 4100lbs. of bacon and pork, 471 quarterns of wheat, 116 hogsheads of beer, 3964bs. of butter, 2562 gallons of milk, 270lbs. of tea, and other articles in like proportion ;-the total amount of expenditure for the same period was about £2300.

This liberal system of relief to the destitute, and the strict determination of the Government to prevent mendicity, account for the fact, that a beggar is unknown in the streets of Guernsey ;-walk in what direction of the island you please, and you will not see one single mendicant soliciting alms, either by the tale of real distress, or the mixture of falsehood and audacity, which disgust the passer-by, every few hundred yards, in a populous English town.

Guernsey has, like Jersey, a castle on an isolated rock commanding the entrance to the harbour, and the fortification-Castle Cornett-is a striking object either from a sea or land view, but it does not appear anything like so venerable an object as Elizabeth Castle in the other island.

The environs of the town abound with neat well-built mansions: the country is not so richly variegated as at Jersey, but the houses themselves are much better: the gardens, too, which every where abound, are in better order, and in a higher state of cultivation ;-the love of flowers is, indeed, the ruling passion of the inhabitants, and they are cultivated with an ardour which I never saw in the same pursuit in any other place. It is no uncommon thing to see a large hothouse, and in the garden two or three hot beds of different descriptions, devoted entirely to raising flowers, to the exclusion of fruit in toto. Every goodhouse has a hothouse belonging to it; and as there is no duty on glass they cost infinitely less than they would in England; and the houses in the environs are generally decorated with flowers in every available corner. I shall conclude this subject with the words of Dr. M'Culloch, addressed to the Caledonian Horticultural Society :-"The variety and splendour of the productions of Guernsey give a character to its horticulture, which is very impressive to an English visitor, and which excites surprise when compared with the very slight advantages of climate this island may be supposed to possess.'

At a short distance from the town is a large Area-called the New Ground-a level piece of grass-land, surrounded with noble trees, forming beautiful arcades with their overhanging branches.-This place is partly used as a promenade, and is also the arcana on which the militia of the island occasionally exhibit their valour and military discipline. But the chief attraction which I found it possess was the beautiful view it commands-unquestionably the finest in the island. The view seaward is far more pleasing than a sea view in Jersey, for the islands of Serk and Herme, from their vicinity, are included in it, and take away that monotony which is inseparable from a sea prospect where there is nothing but a wide unvariegated expanse of water, such as is the case in the other island. Adjoining the New Ground is Castle Carey, the seat of a gentleman of that name, a modern building in the Gothic style, forming a prominent object from the sea.

Near the New Ground is an extensive Cemetery, recently opened—the old buryingplaces having received so many inmates as to render an addition to their number necessary. I had been desired, by a friend in the north of England, to search for the memorial of a relative who had died there some years back, and in endeavouring to execute my commission, I several times visited the different abodes of mortality, and was often amused at the garrulity of the worthy sexton, who seemed a legitimate descendant of Shakspeare's renowned knight of the shovel. His reply to a person giving directions for an interment was peculiarly laconic: "Leave it to me, Sir, I will take care and make everything comfortable for him." With this illustration of "use is second nature,"

ENGLAND CONTINUED.

THE CHURCH.

Lucius, who was the first christian king in England, died A. D. 181, and left the Roman empire heir to his kingdom. Anthems were first used in 386, and anathemas in 387. In 741 the clergy were forbidden drunkenness by law. In 746 the Lord's Prayer and the Ten Commandments were first translated into the Saxon tongue. In 808 tythes were established. In 869 Coldingham nunnery was ravaged by the Danes, and in 870 Ely Monastery was burnt by them. In 993 canonization was first used by authority of the Pope. In .1011 the Danes burnt Canterbury Cathedral. In 1069 William the Conqueror pillaged the abbeys and monasteries of their plate and jewels; and in 1070 obliged them to change their tenures. The first Archdeacon was appointed in 1075. In 1080 breviaries were introduced. The crusade to the Holy Land commenced in 1095, and again revived in 1101. In 1096 the revenues of Canterbury palace were seized by the king; and in 1140 the canon law was first introduced. In 1160 thirty heretics came over from Germany to propagate their opinions, and were branded in the forehead, whipped, and thrust naked into the streets in the midst of winter, where, none daring to relieve them, they died of hunger and cold. In 1337 the alien priories where seized by the king. The reformation was commenced by Wickliffe in 1370, completed by Henry Eight in 1534, and established by Elizabeth in 1558. In 1534 the law against heretics was repealed, and sanctuaries abolished; and in the same year 1000 friars and nuns were expelled the monasteries. In 1539 the abbots of Reading, Glastonbury, and St. John's, Colchester, were hanged for denying the King's supremacy. In 1540 monasteries were dissolved to the value of £2,853,000; and in 1548, 2374 chantries were suppressed. On the 31st of October, 1665, the five mile act passed, which obliged non-conformist teachers, who refused to take the non-resistance oath, not to come within five miles of any corporation where they had preached since the act of oblivion, unless they were travelling, under a penalty of £50. Sunday schools were established in Yorkshire, in 1784, and shortly afterwards become general in England and Scotland. In the same year the first commemoration of Handel was performed in Westminster Abbey by 600 performers, which yielded £12,746.

THE BIBLE.

The Septuagint version was made in 284, and in 939 was translated into the Saxon language. It was first divided into chapters in 1253, and translated into the English language by Tindal and Coverdale in 1536, but was not published by authority till 1539. It was again translated, and in 1549 was ordered to be read in churches; the present translation was finished in 1611.

BISHOPS

Were instituted in England in 694. In 1072 were made barons; and in 1075 their precedency was settled. In 1208 they were banished, but were restored in 1245, on their consenting to become tributary to Rome. In 1388 they were deprived of the privilege of sitting as judges in capital offences. The first that suffered death by the sentence of the civil power, was in 1405. In 1554 seven were deprived for being married. In 1555 several were burnt for not changing their religion. In 1559 fifteen were consecrated at Lambeth. In 1689 they were expelled Scotland. In 1641 twelve were impeached, and committed for protesting against any law passed by the House of Lords, during the time the populace prevented them attended parliament. On the 9th of October, 1646, their whole order was abolished by act of parliament. On the 25th of October, 1660, nine were restored, and eight new ones consecrated. On the 30th of November, 1661, they regained their seats in the House of Peers. In 1688 seven of them were committed to the tower, for not ordering the king's declaration of liberty of conscience to be read throughout their dioceses; they were afterwards tried and acquitted. In 1689 six were suspended for not taking the oaths to King William.

:

BELLS

Were first invented by Paulinius, Bishop of Nola, in Campagnia, about the year 400; they were first known in France in 550 began to be used in the Greek Empire in 864, were introduced into churches about the year 900. The first tuneable set in England were hung up at Croyland Abbey, in Lincolnshire, in 960; and in 1030 were used to be baptised in churches. (To be continued.)

TO THE EDITOR AND COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT OF THE

MAGAZINE.

"By their fruits ye shall know them," is a maxim given by Him whose word is truth, and has been received in its import by all nations, and applied to all men and institutions; and to none, perhaps, with greater advantage than that of Odd Fellowship. Like the hand of the lapidary on a diamond of the first water, it continues to uphold its glorious excellencies, which seem to be still in the bud; yet, such is the unreasonableness and habit of mankind in general, that condemnation is passed on a whole fraternity, from the misconduct of a few individuals, who cannot be avoided amongst such a number of varied dispositions and characters. But, yet, there is an evident neglect in a great number of the members of our Order, with regard to the great and important principles of morality and virtue, that the system of Odd Fellowship holds forth; some notorious instances of this kind (in persons who seem to be deaf to the precepts which are given them, and to which they are continually exhorted) having lately come under the writer's notice, have called forth these observations. It is the sincere wish and fervent desire of the writer of this article, that the great principles of the Order might be brought into action, as marking out the line of conduct that every Odd Fellow ought to pursue.

Many reasons might be produced why more attention ought to be paid to these things, and a slight examination of the tendency of immorality, is sufficient to convince any individual of its importance.

When we look at any body, sect, or party, who take for their rule any system that has been brought before the public, the descriminating and reasonable mind, is able to judge of the principles, independent of the individual; but the principles of Odd Fellowship remain to be developed by the conduct of the individuals composing that body.

I am persuaded that much has been already done, to raise us to that degree of respectability and popularity which we at present enjoy; yet much remains to be done, and that not by a few, but by the whole Order, whose united efforts, the combined powers of our adversaries shall not be able to withstand; but that sun which already discovers its glories above the horizon, shall pursue its unobstructed way towards its zenith, dispelling, by its resplendence, the gloom that has overshadowed us, and diffusing its light and heat from pole to pole.

When an individual, unconnected with any party, is addicted to any open vice, public censure is immediately thrown upon him, as degrading himself, and being a disgrace to his family connexions; but let him be connected with any body, civil or religious, then, with an unmerciful hand, they load them with reproach and shame, whilst those connected with him, are ashamed to own such connexion, and hide themselves from the fury of the storm.

These, perhaps, may be some of the reasons why a certain religious body (who can boast a superior degree of talent and information) have declared war against us; the members of which body seem to be held in the priestly domination of the fourteenth century. In the vicinity where I now write, two individuals have received the thunders of excommunication for belonging to our Order; and whilst speaking to another on the advantages of Odd Fellows, he exclaimed, "our Society don't allow it, they expel them for it." These things can only be lived down, and the united efforts of all the virtuous will alone be sufficient to accomplish this object.

There are many, it is to be feared, who become Odd Fellows wholly from sinister