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So much has been done in Botany since the Publication of this Author's FLORA BRITANNICA, and ENGLISH BOTANY, especially with thirty years past found so much to correct, in regard to natural affinities; and he has for the characters and synonyms of British Plants,. that this will be entirely an Original Work. The language also is attempted to be reduced to a correct standard. The genera are reformed, servation; and it is hoped the expectations of and the species defined, from practical ob British Botanists will not be disappointed.. "These two volumes are composed with such an intimate knowledge of the subject, with such an undeviating aim at accuracy, and with such an invariable respect for candour and for truth, that we look forward to the completion of the work as an event of national importance to the science of Botany."-Monthly Review. The Work will be completed in Five Volumes. THE GARDENER'S MAGAZINE, JULY, 1826. PART I. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. ART. I. Sketches of the Botanical, Horticultural, Agronomical and Rural Circumstances of Spain. By DoN MARIANO LA GASCA, Professor of Botany in the University of Madrid. SPAIN enjoys a prodigious diversity of climates, which enables her to propagate, at small expense, the greater part of the most precious vegetable productions found in every quarter of the globe. This is clearly manifested by the numerous plants from hot countries which thrive in her gardens, and which were introduced by private individuals, from laudable curiosity, or enlightened patriotism. Those which are the production of northern regions are also found growing spontaneously both on the summits of her high mountains and on their sloping sides. These fine dispositions of nature would, doubtless, have been turned to their advantage by the inhabitants, had not a depraved legislation been purposely throwing, for the space of more than three hundred years, insurmountable obstacles in the way of their efforts. A great many enlightened and patriotic Spaniards have repeatedly, though fruitlessly, endeavoured to overcome them, receiving as a reward for their benevolent zeal, sad and bitter disappointments, persecutions, dungeons, the galleys, expatriation, and even death. Such has been the result of their toils, and such will it ever be, in countries where, as in my unfortunate native land, there is no liberty to permit the diffusion of useful knowledge through the medium of the press, where only VOL. I. No. 3. S those objects are encouraged which are not only useless but hurtful to the national welfare, where no guarantee is to be had for the security of individuals and their property, and where they cannot call the soil their own, or cultivate it according to their pleasure or free will. The reader will deduce evident proofs of these truths from the perusal of the following pages. BOTANIC GARDENS. THE only botanical gardens existing at the present period in Spain are, that of Madrid, which is denominated the Royal Botanical Garden; those belonging to the four schools of Pharmacy established at Madrid, Seville, Barcelona, and Santiago; that of the College of Surgery at Cadiz; that of the university of Valencia; and that belonging to the Board of Commerce of Barcelona, devoted principally to agronomical botany. In 1818 the government gave orders for six more gardens, also for the study of agronomical botany, to be established at Burgos, Seville, Toledo, Valencia, Badajoz, and Leon; but though professors were nominated to them all, it was only in Seville, Toledo, and Valencia that schools had actually been opened, even in 1820. The botanical garden of Carthagena, being within reach of cannon-shot from that city, was destroyed in 1808, and has never been restored. The horrors of war also put an end to that which had existed at Zaragoza ever since 1796, and which was under the immediate protection of the enlightened society called "The Friends of the Country," who formerly contributed so effectually to diffuse throughout the nation the most useful knowledge by means of their writings, and by the establishment of the academy of Belles Lettres, and schools of public economy, mathematics, chemistry, botany, and agriculture,by the erection of a cabinet of natural history, by the annual distribution of prizes,-by their labours to perfect the methods o. teaching the first rudiments of learning; and, lastly, by the establishment of the Monte Pio* for husbandmen. In the year 1822, the same patriotic body solicited assistance from the government to re-establish their ancient garden, proposing to make new improvements in it; but I am ignorant whether they obtained it. The botanical garden belonging to the School of Physicians of Seville, founded by Philip V. at the suggestion of his first physician, the celebrated Don José Establishments where they lend money on cattle and implements. exacting but a very trifling interest. Cervi, has also ceased to exist: the same fate has attended the botanico-agronomical garden of Valladolid, which owed its foundation, in 1803, chiefly to the illustrious bishop Don Juan Antonio Hernandez de Larrea, a model of learning and patriotism, and which was supported by the members of the Economical Society of the same city till the invasion of Napoleon. The botanical garden of Madrid, founded in 1755, and placed in the royal country seat, called El Soto de Migas Calientes, on the left banks of the river Manzanares, and at about a mile and a half from the city, was transferred in 1788 to the place where it now stands within the walls of Madrid. It is bounded on the west by the magnificent promenade of the Prado, from which it is separated only by an elegant iron railing; on the south by that of Atocha, on the east by the garden of the Buen Retiro, and on the north by that of the monks of St. Gerome, and by the sumptuous building of the Museum of Natural History, erected by the wise and munificent Charles III., and which is now the Museum of Pictures; but another very handsome building is to be erected for natural history in the Prado, so that in this respect it will hereafter be one of the most splendid museums in Europe. (Link's Travels in Portugal, and through France and Spain, p. 103.) Its figure is an irregular polygon; it has two principal gates, of an excellent style of architecture, as entrances for the public, and four other gates for the private service of the garden. Its extent is twenty-eight fanegadas* (about forty-two acres), and is divided into two unequal parts. The largest of these has about eighteen fanegadas; it is divided from east to west into two equal parts by a magnificent walk of about sixty feet broad, beginning at the principal gate of the Prado, and terminating at a handsome portico that leads to the lecturing hall; and from north to south into three plots, two of which, the smallest, are appropriated to the use of the practical school of botany, and to contain such plants and perennials as have not been examined. Each of these plots is subdivided into four equal quarters, and these into as many other divisions, except the two upper ones, which have only three in the centre of each there is a small fountain, whose waters are brought through subterraneous pipes from the two principal reservoirs intended for irrigation, which have their origin in a source near the Plaza de Toros, at A fanega is a measure containing about a hundred weight; and a fanegada, the extent of arable land which takes a fanega of seed, about 14 acre. |