ward, so that the teeth do not touch, but are suspended at the distance of more than a line above the surface of the table.

The skulls of Europeans of mature age, usually incline forward, and rest with equal ease on the teeth, or on the os occipitis. All negro skulls, however, do not possess the property described.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

I have thought it unnecessary here to introduce details respecting the Caucasian variety, as we know it is, throughout, intermediate to the other two.

Thus, briefly to recapitulate: the organs of sense are small in the Mongol; intermediate in the European; and large in the Æthiop.

The cerebral cavity of the European cranium is, upon the whole, the largest; that of the Mongolic and Æthiopic less.

In Camper's unpublished commentaries on Osteology, the breadth of the head is said to be greatest in the (northern) Asiatic (or Mongol), of middle size in the European, and least in the African.

The cavity of the Mongolic cerebral cavity is, however, as far as Mr Walker has been able to observe, the shallowest; that of the European, intermediate; and that of the Æthiop, and even of the Indian, deepest.

The cerebellum is large in the Mongol; intermediate in the European; and small in the Æthiop.

APPENDIX No. II.

FACTS WITH REGARD TO THE INTELLECTUAL ENERGY OF THE THREE GREAT VARIETIES OF THE HUMAN RACE, PRECISELY CORRESPONDING WITH THE RELATIVE CAPACITY OF THEIR SENSITIVE, PERCEPTIVE AND VOLUNTARY ORGANS NOW DESCRIBED, AND THEREFORE conFIRMING THE THEORY FROM WHICH THE REFERENCE IS MADE *.

MONGOLIC VARIETY.

COLD, by preventing the moisture of perspiration, and by corrugating the skin so as to cover the extremities of the cutaneous nerves, blunts the sense of feeling and tends greatly to diminish the sensibility of the system. Hence the inhabitants of cold countries are little subject to strong pas

sions.

The following observations are generally from Falconer. They also coincide with general opinion on these subjects; and render particular refer

ences unnecessary.

Love, as a passion, is scarcely seen in a northern country. As a proof of this, jealousy, its inseparable attendant, when the former exists in a high degree, is hardly found; and generally, when it does appear, is made an object of ridicule.

Remembrance of injuries, as Tacitus remarks, does not, among them, continue so long, nor are they so vindictive as the southern people.

This diminished sensibility accords with the less developement of the organs of sense in these people.

Benevolence and kindness of disposition nevertheless exists among the natives of cold climates. Though less readily affected than southern nations, their impressions are more permanent and attended with greater effect.

\ The inhabitants of cold countries are more fixed and steady in their resolutions, than those of hot. The impulse must, indeed, be strong to produce any effect; but when the impression is once made, it engrosses the attention in a great measure, and is not liable to be effaced by subsequent ones.

The diminution of sensibility contributes to make the people who live in cold countries less timid. Slight impressions scarcely affect them; and the motives that would deter an inhabitant of a hot country from an enterprise, never reach the sensation of one of a cold climate. This resolution of the northern nations in despising the fear of death, was remarked by several ancient writers, and particularly by Lucan.

This greater permanence and strength, though less elevation, of mind than that of the natives of southern regions, very curiously accords with the greater breadth and consequently strength, though less height, of the cerebrum than that of these people.

Cold climates are averse to indolence, at least of the body, and produce a habit of exertion and activity. Repose

I

and shade are the securities from heat; fire and exercise, the remedies of cold: so that the necessities of the climate itself contribute to form the character of the people.

This greater energy of voluntary action perfectly accords with the increased developement of its organ-the cerebellum, in these people.

In short, all the habits of the Mongolic Variety (described in this Appendix) agree with the anatomical structure of the face, cerebral and cerebellic cavities (described in the first Appendix); and afford the strongest confirmation of the theory which has been delivered in the Third Part of this Treatise.

ETHIOPIC VARIETY.

*Heat being the most universal stimulant, by keeping the skin smooth, void of corrugation and moist from perspiration, exposes the extremities of all the nerves, and encreases the faculty or power, as well as the accuracy of sensation or feeling.

The passionate temper of these people, observed from earliest antiquity, and mentioned by Hippocrates, arises from the sensibility thus induced. This is observable even among the Italians in Europe, and among West Indians descended of European parents.

The amorous disposition of the people of hot climates is owing to the same sensibility; but although the enthusiasm of love be most powerful in such climates, yet this passion is in them far from being of a refined nature in point of sentiment.

The vindictive disposition of these people is proved by the cruel revenges, by the dagger, or by poison, so frequent in hot climates, and mentioned even in the Cyropædia of Xenophon, together with the inhuman treatment of prisoners which prevails among them.

This increased sensibility accords with the greater developement of the organs of sense in these people.

The levity or inconstancy of mind so remarkable in warm climates is dependent on the same sensibility. The mind is there open to every impulse; but as these succeed one another rapidly, none of them make any very permanent impression, but efface one another in succession.

The sensation of weakness also discourages all exertion of body or mind, by suggesting the idea of inability; and this idea, joined with a sensibility which the weakness contributes to heighten, produces that timidity of character, for which, as Machiavelli observes, the people of hot climates are remarkable.

The elevated conceptions, warmth of imagination, splendid imagery, mythological fables and metaphoric or bombastic language which distinguish these people, result from the same cause.

This greater elevation and weakness, though less permanence and strength, of mind than that of the inhabitants of cold climates, very curiously accords with the greater height, though less breadth, of the cerebrum than in these people.

Indolence is a ștriking characteristic of the natives of hot climates; seemingly interwoven into their very constitutions. In many places, as Dampier and others have observed, they let their nails grow into claws, that all men may see they do not work. Ease with them is the greatest good, and nothing surprises them so much as to see Europeans take