is

In these motions, the eye-lids are expanded and the eye fixed, solely in order to receive a more complete impression from the object. The mouth is opened and the fingers are expanded, entirely by that association which, when one organ of sense is thus expanded for action, prompt us equally to prepare the rest. The suspension of respiration and of the motion of the heart, is owing to this, that the excessive employment of any one system, as the intellectual, must always be at the expence of anotherthe mechanical or vital."

In CONTEMPT, the eyes are drawn sideways, the external muscle of one, and the internal muscle of the other, acting together. The eye-brows are drawn inward and downward; the mouth is firmly closed; but as the lower lip rises in the middle, it becomes arched, and this is effected by the agency of the fifth pair of nerves. When the head turns towards the right, and the eyes towards the left hand, the passion is rendered more expressive.

These motions are all explicable, on the principle that, while the organs of sense are all turned toward the object, inorder clearly to indicate or point it out, yet, in as much as is consistent with this indication, they are all firmly closed, and the head is even somewhat turned away, in order to express aversion. The closure of the organs in this case, and their opening in wonder, have thus precisely opposite causes."

In ANGER, the action of the muscles draw the eyes wide open; the eye-brows descend; the teeth are violently compressed together; and the face is convulsed in a thousand forms... With regard to the general figure, a person in the impetus of rage, beats with hands and feet, and stamps till the ground shakes under him.

Here the eyes are opened as in wonder, in order to receive a more complete impression from the object; but the eyebrows are not, as in wonder, elevated, because there is not

here, as in it, that ignorance of the object inspected, but, on the contrary, a discrimination which requires their descent. The convulsion of the features, compression of the teeth, and excess of muscular action in general, is ascribable to that universal preparation to act, which anger was intended by nature to bestow.

In SORROW, the mouth is drawn downward by the descent of the upper lip; the fifth pair of nerves being those principally affected... With regard to the general figure, an oppressed, sorrowful and melancholy person lets his head sink downward, or he supports it with his hand, the equipoise is no longer maintained by the muscles of the neck, that is, the nerves belonging to those muscles are rendered inert... When DESPAIR is added to this emotion, the face is directed upward, and somewhat obliquely; the brow is furrowed with wrinkles; and the middle of the eyebrow is drawn upward.

Limited as is Collins' description of despair, from its application to music, it is yet expressed with great felicity, and extremely beautiful.

• With woeful measures wan, despair,
Low, sullen sounds, his grief beguil❜d,

A solemn, strange and mingled air,

'Twas sad by fits, by starts 'twas wild.'-Ode on the Passions.

Here every thing indicates that general relaxation of the muscular system which sorrow produces; and even when despair is superadded, the only action performed, are those which direct the eyes toward heaven, and supplicate aid from above. But even in this case, the eye-brow is elevated, and the brow wrinkled, in order to look upward with as little exertion as possible; hence they strongly mark that imbecility which enters into the nature of despair. The oblique direction of the face has the same object, and the same effect."

In WEEPING, the corners of the mouth are drawn downward, and the lower part of the nose upward; the eyebrows descend; the eyes are nearly closed; and tears are pressed out of the lacrymal glands. In this case, all the muscles which receive the fifth pair of nerves, act in a very forcible

manner.

Here the eye-brows descend, and the eyes are entirely closed, in order to compress the lacrymal gland and express the tears; the corners of the mouth are drawn down, in order to depress also the lower eye-lid, and permit the tears to flow; and the lower part of the nose is drawn up, so as to widen the nostrils, with precisely a similar view./

In DYING, it is to be observed, first, that the eyes are drawn toward each other by the influence of the pathetic nerves. Secondly, that the mouth is opened, and the chin elongated by all the muscles of the neck. And, thirdly, that all the other muscles cease to act,"

Here the desire of respiration induces the opening of the mouth; the eyes are turned toward each other, in consequence of the internal suffering; and the other muscles cease to act, from the exhaustion of muscular power in general.

APPENDIX No. I.

ANATOMICAL FACTS SUPPORTING THE DOCTRINE FROM WHICH THIS REFERENCE IS MADE. THESE FACTS ARE CHIEFLY COLLECTED FROM AUTHORS WHO SEEM TO HAVE HAD NO PARTICULAR THEORY IN VIEW, AND WHỎ, IN STATING THEM, ARE THEREFORE THE LESS LIKELY TO HAVE BEEN MISLED BY ANY IMPROPER BIAS*.

MONGOLIC VARIETY.

Organ of Sense.

In the negro, the cranium remaining the same, the area of the section of the face is, according to Cuvier, encreased about one fifth. In the Calmuc, it encreases only one tenth : in northern nations the face is therefore comparatively small.

The nearer the Tartars are to the pole,' says Smith, 'the smaller are their eyes, and the shorter their nose.'

The ossa nasi and aperture of the nostrils, are small in the head of a Calmuc in possession of Blumenbach.

* If these facts, as now arranged, tend to establish a general theory, it will afford another proof of the great value of arrangement in science.

The dorsum of the nose is also narrow in the head of a Kirgisian Cossack, in Blumenbach's possession.

The orbits of Russians are, according to Soemmerring and others, contracted; the teeth are small; and the horizontal part of the palate-bone narrow. This last occurs also in the Kirgisian Cossack.

In a communication to Dr George Foster, Professor Camper ascribes the confused arrangement of the teeth, which is frequent in all the northern tribes of mankind, to the smallness of the space comprised between the canine teeth of the lower jaw. These seem to displace the incisors; for the jaw-bones are not only narrower in the inhabitants of the northern, than in the natives of the southern hemisphere, but appear of very inconsiderable breadth, when contrasted with those of an African or Asiatic.

Cerebrum.

The cerebral cavity of northern nations is, according to Professor Camper's observations, broader, but less elevated, than that of the Ethiopic ones.

Cerebellum.

The cerebellic cavity of these, people is large, and their occipital foramen small.

Blumenbach describes the occiput of a North American to be larger, not merely than that of the negro, but than that of the European; and the cranium to be, in almost all respects, the reverse of the negro's.

The occiput of a Tunguse is, according to the same author, 'mirum in modum retro eminens, ita ut protuberantiæ occi

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