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In a monograph on "The Conditions of the United States," issued by the Bureau of Statistics, it is stated that our area has grown from 827,844 square miles in 1800 to 3,025,600 square miles in 1902, exclusive of Alaska and the islands of the sea. The population per square mile was 3.6 in 1810, and 26.1 in 1902. The total wealth has grown from $7,000,000,000 in 1850 to an estimated $94,000,000,000 in 1900, and the per eapita wealth from $307 in 1850 to $1,235 in 1900. In 1800 the public debt was $15 per capita; in 1840 it had fallen to 21 cents per eapita; in 1852 it was $2.67 per capita; in 1861, before the beginning of the war, $2.74, and then mounted rapidly until it became $76.98 per capita in 1865, gradually falling again after the war to $38.27 per capita in 1880, $14.22 in 1890, $12.64 in 1893, $13.60 in 1896, and $12.97 in 1902.

The National Negro Business League, of which Mr. Booker T. Washington is president, held its third annual session at Richmond, Va., August 25, 26, and 27. The League was organized in Boston two years ago for the dual purpose of bringing before the public the progress which the negro is making in business, in every part of the country, and of stimulating and encouraging business enterprises among the colored people. In both of these objects it has proved eminently successful. One of the most interesting features of the meeting was the large photographic exhibit, comprising pictures of negro business men and of their places of business all over the country.

It is said that the American occupation and influence are being felt in many ways throughout the island of Porto Rico, and is more especially noticeable in the schools. The people are anxious to learn, and education is looking up all over the island. Everybody on the island is anxious to learn English, which is coming into use more and more every day. It is now being taught in all the schools, and the coming generation will be able to speak and read the language as well as their native Spanish.

A monument has just been erected on the site where Coronado turned back to Mexico after his fruitless search for the seven golden cities in the province of Quivera. The purpose of the monument is to commemorate the discovery of Kansas by Coronado and the rediscovery of the site of Quivera by J. V. Brower of St. Paul, Minn. Foreign.

In commenting on present conditions in China, the London Times says: "The testimony of the missionaries of all societies at the present moment is that never were the Chinese so willing to accept Christian literature or so likely to profit by it as at the present moment. The Religious Tract Society is overwhelmed with applications for help."

Ali Ben Hamud, officially to be known as Seyyid Ali, has been proclaimed Sultan of Zanzibar under British protection. Although but seventeen, the boy sultan has already married his cousin, a princess of the royal house who is not yet twelve. He was educated in England.

Industrial and Commercial.

The value of skilled labor is very well illustrated by the increase in the value of iron products through the agency of labor alone. Carroll D. Wright, of the Labor Bureau, says that 75 cents' worth of iron ore when turned into bar iron is worth $5. If you make it into horseshoes it is worth $10, or if into table-knives $180. Seventy-five cents' worth of iron ore manufactured into needles is worth $6,800, and when converted into some kinds of fancy buttons it is worth about $30.000. If the iron is made into watchsprings the product is worth ten times more than the buttons, and when turned into hairsprings it will sell for the enormous sum of $400,000. All that great enhancement of value is of course due to the labor expended upon it.

The German Society of Mechanical Engi neers has offered a prize for the best designed unit of equipment for an express train. The specifications require that the train shall be capable of conveying one hundred passengers and their baggage, with personal comfort, and of maintaining for three consecutive hours a speed of seventy-five miles an hour without stopping for water or fuel, and at a minimum expenditure for motive power. In order to meet the factor of air resistance, it is said, the whole engine and train from pilot to rear platform will have to be enveloped in a shell of sheet steel, jointed so as to secure flexibility in passing

curves.

As a result of the recent decision of Congress to leave the building of the new transPacific cable to private enterprise, the work will be immediately begun by the Commercial Pacific Cable Company. It is specifically stated that while the United States Government does not incur any expense or responsi bility, it will have at its discretion command of all facilities. The new cable will run from San Francisco, a distance of 2,413 miles, to Honolulu, thence to the Midway Islands and Guam, another 2,293 miles, and then to Manila, another 1,360 miles, thus connecting with a cable to Hongkong and all points on the Asiatic continent.

One of the largest coils of wire rope ever made was turned out by a Brooklyn company recently. It measured 17,700 feet, or over three miles, without a break, and weighed 22,030 pounds. It is for use in a bituminous coal mine, was made of fortytwo strands of crucible cast steel, took sixteen days to manufacture, and was valued at $2.300.

It is announced that before many weeks have passed, the gigantic task of tunneling the Blue Ridge mountains in the vicinity of Buena Vista will have been started. This is a great undertaking, as it will require drilling through the very base of the mountain for a distance of more than two miles.

Of all the silks sold in the United States, $26,000,000 worth is imported and $107,000,000 worth home made. The domestic silk industry employs 24,000 men, 36,000 women, and 6,000 children in 483 mills, with $81,000,000 capital.

General.

We have a lady superintendent of Indian schools in Wyoming, Miss Estelle Reel, and this is one of her many clever ideas. She is trying, so we are told, to encourage the old Indians to preserve their ancient arts,-the making of baskets that will hold water, and blankets that are waterproof,-which are in danger of becoming extinct. There is still an old squaw here and there, who knows how to make these fine old things, and Miss Reel wants to place them in the schools as instructors to the Indian girls. This makes the old Indians feel that they are still useful, and that the whites have some respect for their native industries, and it is in line with the latest developments in arts and crafts, and as fine, in its way, as the handmade books and furniture and tapestries that are now so fashionable.

The number of letters handled by the British postoffice last year was 2,451,500,000. All kinds of mail matter being considered, there was a total of 3,919,000,000 pieces handled, an increase of over five per cent from the previous year and a number sufficient to make an average of more than ninety-five pieces of mail matter in a year for every unit of the population.

Roughly speaking, in the United States about 8,000,000,000 pieces of postal matter of all kinds pass through the mails in a year, and this is more than double the showing made by the British postoffice. As our population is not quite double that of the British empire, we have, therefore, a greater average per individual of mail matter handled in this country than has Great Brit ain.

Grim Newgate Jail, where William Penn, Defoe, and many other famous men have been imprisoned, and the place of so many tragedies in English history, is being torn down. It is said that the task before the house-breakers is a severe one,-one of the toughest ever tackled.-for Newgate Jail was built as a fortress, and is probably one of the strongest buildings in the metropolis, scarcely excepting the Tower. It will probably take at least a year to demolish the jail. and at some parts it will be necessary to use explosives. Englishmen will probably be glad to see its ancient walls give way to a new structure which will stand for more civilized and merciful methods of punishment.

The German census of the fruit-trees of that country reveals some interesting facts. It shows that to every square mile of territory there was an average of 332 plum-trees, 251 apple-trees, 119 pear-trees, and 104 cherry-trees, or 806 trees of these four varieties to the square mile. In relation to population, for every hundred inhabitants of the empire there were 123 plum-trees, 93 apple, 45 pear, and 38 cherry-trees, or in all 299 of these fruit-trees for each hundred inhabitants, practically three trees for each person.

The late William Still of Philadelphia, one of its most distinguished citizens, was born a slave, but worked out his freedom by his own efforts, and rose to be one of the best educated and most prominent of his race. His fortune is estimated at more than threequarters of a million, the foundation of which was laid in the coal business. He was a trustee of Storer College at Harper's Ferry, and an active member of the Society for Improving the Condition of the African Race.

The international exhibition now being held at Cork, Ireland, is attracting consider. able attention and favorable comment throughout the empire. As might have been expected, the beautiful scenery of Ireland is mentioned as one of the strong attractions for tourists from abroad.

of the grain from seedtime until it leaves the field to be sorted and prepared for the market. The grower may till fifty or five thousand acres, but about each tract the bank of earth is carefully thrown up by the ditching plough, frequently "tamped" on the inside with spade and shovel to prevent leakage. The horse drill and cultivator can be used in seeding, while furrows are turned as in an ordinary field intended for wheat or oats. Water flows upon the shoots when a few inches out of ground, and until harvest time in early autumn, the country is turned into a series of lakes, for the plant roots must be continuously submerged, three, or perhaps four months, to a depth of two or three inches. Every acre is a great sponge absorbing fourteen to fifteen thousand gallons every twenty-four hours, yet when the grain nears maturity, and the water is drained from it, evaporation is so rapid that the farming machines can pass over the fields without difficulty in a few days. Then the scene is strikingly typical of harvest time in Kansas or the Dakotas. No less than five thousand harvesters, actually doing the work of two hundred thousand men, sweep through the mile after mile of golden stalks, for by a few alterations the mechanism which cuts and binds the sheaves of wheat ready for the stack without human aid, has come to the assistance of the rice growers. The steam thresher following, converts the chaff and straw into mammoth stacks, pouring the white kernels into a hundred bags in a day.

The tendency toward economical and intensive farming is everywhere apparent,-it is not how great an area can be cultivated, but how much it can be made to yield. Realizing the outlay for transportation and commission in sending the rice to a distance to be prepared for market, mills have been built in sight of the fields, which clean, polish, and separate the cereal into its marketable grades. But the greatest economic factor is this wonderful subterranean sea, which, scientists say, contains a water supply that cannot fail. These "waters under the earth" are held in gravel strata, having a foundation of hard clay, which the well-borer's tools reach at distances ranging from one hundred to two hundred feet below the surface. To fill the canals from well and stream one of the most extensive pumping systems in the world has been constructed,-five hundred plants distributed throughout the district. A single station filling one of the larger canals could serve the needs of a city, as it lifts sixty thousand to seventy-five thousand gallons a minute the thirty or forty feet to the conduit level. The canals reaching the larger rice fields range from twenty to thirty miles in length, sustaining a volume of water one. hundred feet in width and five to six feet in depth. From the main or feed channels are excavated branches which connect directly with the fields. During the flooding season. these arteries of nourishment enhance the artistic effect of what is in truth an attractive landscape, gleaming like ribbons of silver in the sunlight and presenting a striking contrast to the masses of luxuriant green which later turns to gold. It is a picture which pleases the aesthetic and the material sense alike, for it is a picture of plenty and prosperity only to be appreciated by one who has spent a day or a week in the rice belt.

Stimulated by their success, the aim of these ambitious agriculturists is to place the American rice belt in as dominant a position as the corn, wheat, and cotton belts. "As the South regulates the price of cotton in the world's market, the day will come when we shall dictate the rice market as well," is the universal sentiment. Although readily disposing of the bulk of their staple at home, they have already entered Europe; and with an opportunity to sell on equal terms with their Oriental competitors, they are sanguine of attaining their object. The claim that this prairie land will produce grain at a lower cost than even Asiatic fields is well founded by comparing the average yield per acre and the time and labor required. The Japanese is content to till his plat at one-sixth of the wages paid the laborer

in Louisiana and Texas, but one American with his irrigation system and machinery can cultivate a hundred acres in a year where his Eastern competitor, depending upon natural flooding and hand tools, can work but three-fourths of an acre. of an acre. Every rice expert is familiar with this fact, and it is one of the sources of the general optimism that prevails. No one can predict the limit of future success.

The cooperation so apparent throughout the territory is another feature of interest. Everywhere is to be found an interdependence, so to speak. The producer is not merely the landowner and farmer, but a stockholder in the irrigation company, while he patronizes another company, harvesting and threshing his crop, that represents an alliance of his neighbors. As he accumulates a surplus he becomes part owner of one of the adjacent rice mills. If a bank is chartered in the neighboring town, he subscribes to its stock, perhaps takes a partnership in one of the mercantile enterprises. Thus are his interests so diversified that the general prosperity is of as vital importance to him as the extent of the harvest itself. The economy of this plan is at once apparent in a reduction of expenses in raising and preparing the crop for market. DAY ALLEN WILLEY. In Review of Reviews.

Fashions in Physic.

The changing fashions in remedies may be the result of rapidly changing fashions in diseases and the frequent appearance of new diseases, which may, after all, in some cases be only old diseases with new and more formidable names. If man during his long stay on this planet, with his tendency to take disease and the opportunities presented for doing so, has not tried them all, he has been singularly negligent. It will be remembered that half a century ago the liver was the chief seat of all diseases, and the blue pill was the favorite remedy for nearly every ailment. A little later fever and ague was shaking everybody, and Peruvian bark was in universal demand. But we hear nowadays as little about biliousness or the breakbone fever as we do about mercury or quinine. Who that has come to years of discretion does not recall how he was dosed every spring in his childhood with sulphur and cream of tartar, through the summer with heroic doses of thoroughwort, through the fall with paregoric, and through the winter with that diabolical compound, senna and salts? Who now hears of any one of these medicines? What child of spirit would consent to take them? What parent would have the courage to suggest them? As a matter of fact, the good old diseases under which our forbears used to stagger and still live to an unreasonable old age are rapidly disappearing. It is possible that in the back districts cases of "rheumatiz" and "shocks" may be found among old men, and old ladies may still have "neurology" and "lumbager," and both may raise their favorite herbs for remedies in their kitchen gardens. But the good old fashions in diseases and remedies have mostly passed away. Since the discovery of the microbe the world has given up most of its old diseases and taken on new ones with polysyllabic names, more fitting to the intellectual advancement of the day. King Edward has much to answer for in giving appendicitis royal approval. English journals already affirm it is rapidly on the increase since his operation, and there are few Englishmen so disloyal as not to admit they have it when so notified by their physicians. It naturally follows that a change of diseases requires change in methods and remedies. It requires considerable celerity even for an up-to-date doctor to keep up with changes.

Chicago Tribune.

He that keeps the integrity of his own consciousness, and is faithful to himself, day by day, is also faithful to God for eternity, and helps to restore the integrity of the world of men.-THEODORE PARKER.

The Great Cork Forests of Spain. The cork forests of Spain cover an area of 620,000 square miles, producing the finest cork in the world. These forests exist in groups and cover wide belts of territory, those in the region of Catalonia and part of Barcelona being considered the first in importance. Although the cork forests of Estremadura and Andalusia yield cork of a much quicker growth and possessing some excellent qualities, its consistency is less rigid, and on this account it does not enjoy the high reputation which the cork of Catalonia does. In Spain and Portugal, where the cork-tree or Quercus suber, is indigenous, it attains to a height varying from thirty-five to sixty feet and the trunk to a diameter of thirty to thirty-six inches. This species of the evergreen oak is often heavily caparisoned with wide-spreading branches clothed with ovate oblong evergreen leaves, downy underneath, and the leaves slightly serrated. Annually, between April and May, it produces a flower of yellowish color, succeeded by acorns. Over thirty thousand square miles in Portugal are devoted to the cultivation of cork-trees, though the tree actually abounds in every part of the country.

The methods in vogue in barking and harvesting the cork in Spain and Portugal are virtually the same. The barking operation is effected when the tree has acquired sufficient strength to withstand the rough handling it receives during the operation, which takes place when it has attained the fifteenth year of its growth. After the first stripping the tree is left in this juvenescent state to regenerate, subsequent strippings being effected at intervals of not less than three years; and under this process the tree will continue to thrive and bear for upward of one hundred and fifty years. The Boston Herald.

Conservation of the Moments.

Are not the moments the tiny joints in the harness through which the darts of temptation pierce us? Only give us time, we think, and we should not be overcome. Only give us time, and we could pray and resist, and the devil would flee from us! But he comes all in a moment; and in a moment-an unguarded, unkept one-we utter the hasty or exaggerated word, or think the un-Christlike thought, or feel the un-Christlike impatience or resentment. It is generally a moment-either an opening or a culminating one-that really does the work.

The view of moments seems to make it clearer that it is impossible to serve two masters, for it is evident that the service of a moment cannot be divided. If it is occupied If it is occupied in the service of self, or any other master, it is not at the Lord's disposal; He cannot make use of what is already occupied. . . . While we cannot realize the infinite love which fills eternity, and the infinite vistas of the great future are "dark with excess of light" even to the strongest telescopes of faith, we see that love magnified in the see that love magnified in the microscope of the moments, brought very close to us, and revealing its unspeakable perfection of detail to our our wondering sight. But we do not see this as long as the moments are kept in our own hands. We are like little children closing our fingers over diamonds. How can they receive and reflect the rays of light, analyzing them into all the splendors of their prismatic beauty, while they are kept shut up tight in the dirty little hands? Give them up; let our Father hold them for us, and throw His own great light upon them, and then we shall see them full of fair colors of His manifold lovingkindness; and let Him always keep them for us, and then we shall always see His light and His love reflected in them. And then, surely, they shall be filled with praise, the praise that is the tone, the color, the atmosphere in which they flow; none of them away from it or out of it.

FRANCES RIDLEY HAVERGAL.

Commendatory Criticism.

Editor of The Herald.

I have just finished reading an article by an Episcopalian minister, Rev. Kenneth Mackenzie, on Christian Science, and I cannot refrain from seeking this means of expressing publicly my appreciation of the manifest Christian spirit which pervades his entire treatment of the subject. His testimony regarding what he knows personally of Christian Science healings, and of its influence on the lives of those who have accepted it, is most remarkable indeed. coming as it does from a conscientious and scholarly gentleman who conceives it to be his duty to warn the public against Christian Science. I here quote from his article in his own language, to wit:

"The religious assumptions of Christian Science are further set forth in that their houses of meeting are called. churches. As Mrs. Eddy herself is styled 'Our Mother,' so the edifice over which she presides is the 'Mother Church.' That this Mother Church is justly conceded to be the most beautiful building in New England, costing over $220,000, and that other equally pretentious erections are being raised in the principal cities of our land, is satisfactory evidence to thinkers that Christian Science is not an ephemeral fad.

"And the fruits of this teaching are seen in the lives of men and women who, unfortunately, have seen only the dry dogmatism of orthodox Christianity. We are fond of a word recently created. We speak of a man as being 'brainy.' Just such men and women are embraced in the fold of Christian Science. They find an intellectual exercise, coupled with sufficient faith; a high ideality wedded to unmistakable experience. This was not true when they were members of the churches which they have abandoned. The healings of Christian Science are not delusions of diseased minds, as we would understand the statement. I speak guardedly here, with a view to what must be said. in a later chapter. I am personally acquainted with some who have been wonderfully raised up to health, after years of invalidism. They are as healed in their bodies as they know they are filled when they have eaten a hearty meal. It seems needless to dwell upon this. The man who simply grins at Christian Science as a harmless hobby, is either guilty of superficiality or to be pitied for his ignorance.

"But Christian Science does more for its votaries than heal their bodies. The creed of this sect, if they will allow the word, is three-fold: First, the restoration of the Christian healing of the Apostolic Church; second, the establishment of Christianity upon a scientific and practically demonstrable basis; third, the metaphysical and spiritual interpretation of Christ's teachings, representing a general and world-wide reaction against materialism and externalism in religion. With such a showy appeal to the loosely attached membership of our churches, the wonder is that more are not leaving for this new field of thought and experience; for the enthusiastic Christian Scientist mingles in society with this declaration, 'I have found these things true, and I am a changed person.' Not only do we hear from our friends the testimony, 'Whereas I was once burdened with a body racked with pain and bowed down with weakness, I am now unconscious of the presence of my body. I seem to be lifted above all sense of physical feeling.' But they say also, 'I am in perfect rest of soul. Not a care invades my life. I dwell in spiritual equipoise. I am as unconscious of sin and sin's suggestions as I am of a physical body.' physical body.' I have heard one declare, 'I never knew my Bible until now. It has become a new book to me, full of life and beauty.' of life and beauty.' Not infrequently do we meet ardent Christian Scientists who spend from three to seven hours a day over the Bible, with the book Science and Health at hand for interpretation. Christian Scientists are noted.