00 0 + +00+ o+o+++++ ooo++ooo +++00000 ++ ++ 0000"+oo +++++++o ++++000+ oo ++ +000 80 00 4 + ++++ ++ ++ oooo++++ «+++++++ oo++++oo +++w +☎ ++ oooo++++ +++∞∞+++ o*+5000~ 1760. 1796. | 1819. 1823. 1825. 1826. 1850. 1883. 1835. 1835. 1835. 1835. 1836. 1836. 30. Llavedna........ 37. leiophylla.. 40, excélsa. + ++++ 10 000 200 0 + 105 10000 20 OG CO100 A 1. orientalis........ 2. austràlis...................... + + 7 synonymes; while some of the names, which we acknowledge to be those of existing varieties, are omitted, because we think the varieties themselves of very little consequence, and scarcely worth notice. Besides the pinetums and collections shown in the above tabular view, there are others which would have been included in it, had there been room; and a number of collections, more or less complete, which deserve to be recorded, as illustrative of the present taste for the culture of the pine and fir tribe. All of these that we have been able to recollect at the moment are included in the following paragraphs : In England, besides the pinetums noticed in the tabular view, there are collections at Syon and Whitton Park, Middlesex; Pain's Hill, Claremont, and Ockham Park, Surrey; Redleaf and Deepdene, Kent; Bayfordbury, Hertfordshire; White Knights and Bear Wood, Berkshire; Wardour Castle, Bowood, and Boyton House, Wiltshire; Bicton, Devonshire; Croome, Warwickshire; Trentham, Staffordshire; Carlton Hall, Durham; Clumber Park, Nottinghamshire. The English Nurseries which possess the best collections are those of Messrs. Loddiges, Hackney; Messrs. Whitley and Osborn, Fulham; Messrs. Lee, Hammersmith; Messrs. Brown, Slough; Mr. Donald, Goldworth; and Messrs. Dickson, Chester. The best assortment of pine and fir seeds for sale is kept by Mr. Charlwood, London. In Scotland, the best collections not included in the tabular view are: at New Posso, Peeblesshire; Oxenford Castle, and Hopetoun House, near Edinburgh and Methven Castle, Perthshire. The Scotch Nurseries which contain the best collections are those of Messrs. Cunningham and Messrs. Lawson, Edinburgh; Messrs. Turnbull and Dickson, Perth; and Mr. Roy, Aberdeen. The best collection of pine and fir seeds is kept by Mr. Lawson of Edinburgh. In France, there are the following collections : 1. True Pinetums (Collections botaniques). Madame Agläé Adanson, st Balenie, near Moulins, Allier; Dumont de Courset, at Courset, near Samer, Pas de Calais; M. Ivoy, at Bordeaux. 2. Botanical Forests (Botanique forestière). M. Vilmorin, at Barres, near Nogent sur Vernisson, Loiret. 3. Amateur Collections less complete than the Pinetums. Count de Montbron, at Chatellerault; Baron de Tschoudi, at Metz; Viscount Héricart de Thury, in the environs of Paris; M. Bobée, near Châteauneuf, Haute Loire ; M. De Lorgeril, at Baumanoir, near Rennes; Marquis de la Boessière, at Malleville, near Ploermel; Baron de Morogues, at La Source, near Orleans; M. Mallet De Chilly, at Sologne, near Orleans; M. De la Giraudière, Sologne, near Blois; M. Macarel, near Gien; M. Doublat, at Epinal; Viscount de Courval, and Count de Burnonville, in the environs of Paris; Count de Tristan, at Orleans. The late M. De Courson, near St. Briene; the late Du Hamel du Monceau, at Denainvilliers, at Monceau, and at Vrigny, near Pithiviers; and of M. De Malesherbes, at Malesherbes. 4. Experimental Plantations (Plantations (non plus Collections) forestières expérimentales. M. Delamarre, at Harcourt; M. Marcellin Vétillard, at Mans; M. Bérard, sen., at Mans; M. Bataille de Mandelat, at Autun; M. Doulcet, La Fay, near Aubigny; and the government plantations in the forests of Fontainebleau, Compiègne, and Villers Cotterets, and in the Bois de Boulogne. 5. Plantations of particular Species.— Pìnus Larício, by M. Le Roy, at Boulogne-sur-Mer; and the Count Lemarrois. P. sylvestris, by the Viscount Ruinard de Brimour at Rheims; and many others in Champagne. Làrix europæ`a, by the Count de Rambuteau. Picea pectinàta, by M. De Candecoste, at Laigle; besides many other plantations in Normandy. The principal nurseries in France which contain collections of pines and firs are, those of M. Cels, M. Godefroy, and M. Soulange-Bodin, at or near Paris; and that of Messrs. Baumann at Bollwyller. The seedsman who keeps the most extensive collection of pine and fir seeds is M. Vilmorin, Paris. In Belgium, the collection of the Baron de Serret, at Bruges. In Germany, the principal collections, next to that in the Botanic Garden Berlin are at Wörlitz, in Saxony; at Harbcke, in Hanover; at Brück on the Leytha, near Vienna; in the University Botanic Garden, Vienna; and in the Botanic Garden, Göttingen, The nursery in Germany in which there is the most complete collectionof Coniferæ is that of Messrs. Booth, Hamburg, who also keep the best assortment of pine and fir seeds. In Russia, there are collections in the Imperial Botanic Garden, St. Petersburg; and in the Government Garden at Nikitka, in the Crimea. In Denmark, there is a collection in the Royal Gardens, Rosenburg, Copenhagen. In Sweden, in the Botanic Garden at Lund, In Italy, in the Botanic Garden at Monza, near Milan. Sect. II. CUPRE ́SSINE. THE Cupréssinæ differ from the Abiétinæ in being for the greater part shrubs or low trees, instead of lofty trees. They are all evergreen, with the exception of one species of Taxòdium (T. dístichum, the deciduous cypress); and none of them have the branches disposed in whorls, as is the case with all the pines and firs without exception. The greater part of the species are natives of warm climates, and comparatively few of them are perfectly hardy in British gardens. One only, the common juniper, is a native of Britain; but between 30 and 40 foreign species and varieties endure the open air in England; and 8 or 10 of these (exclusive of Taxòdium), which have been not less than 30 or 40 years in the country, and which have had time to display their shapes, form very handsome or remarkable evergreen low trees, or tall shrubs; such as the red cedar, the white cedar, the eastern and western arbor vitæ, the Phoenician and tall juniper, the cedar of Goa, the common and spreading cypress, &c. The greater number of the species or alleged species have, however, been but a short time in British nurseries, and are only to be seen as very young plants in the nurseries, or in very choice collections. These lately introduced kinds are so imperfectly known among cultivators, that little dependence is to be placed on the names which are applied to them; and therefore all that we can recommend is, that they should be as extensively introduced into collections as possible, in order that they may grow up to some size, and be examined in various situations by different botanists. In collecting, with a view to this object, some of the alleged kinds will doubtless turn out duplicates, but the only objection to this, in the case of such very rare and interesting evergreens, is the first cost, which is comparatively a trifle. It may be observed of all the species of Cupréssinæ, that it is not easy to describe by words, and scarcely practicable to illustrate by figures, without the fruit, many of the different species of this family; nevertheless, to a practised eye, it is easy to distinguish the three leading genera, viz. Thùja, Cupressus, and Juniperus, by a portion of the branch, without either flowers or fruit The flattened, two-edged, scaly, imbricated shoots of all the thujas, including Callitris (which may, if the reader chooses, be considered a subgenus), are two-edged, whether the specimen be young or old; those of Cupressus are scaly and imbricated, but angular or roundish, and never two-edged; and those of Juníperus, in the young state of the plants, have distinct acerose leaves, generally glaucous above, and often in threes joined at the base. Propagation and Culture. All the kinds may be propagated by layers and cuttings; and the most common species ripen seeds in Britain in abundance. The seeds, which generally lie a year in the ground, may be sown in spring; and the young plants may be treated in all respects like those of the pine and fir tribe. When the seeds are sown in autumn, immediately after being gathered, they sometimes come up the following year. Cuttings should be made in autumn, of the wood of the same year, with a small portion of the preceding year's wood attached; and they should be planted in sand, or in a very sandy loam, in a shady border, and covered with hand-glasses. Cuttings put in in September will form callosities at their lower extremities the same autumn, and should be protected by mats during severe frosts in winter: the following autumn they will be ready to transplant. Layers may be made either in autumn or spring. GENUS IX. THUJA L. THE ARBOR VITE. Lin. Syst. Mona'cia Monadelphia. Identification. Lin. Gen., 1078.; Reich., No. 1176.; Schreb., No. 1457.; Tourn., t. 358.; Juss., 413; Gærtn., t. 91.; Lamb. Pin., ed. 2., 2. Synonymes. Thuya, or Arbre de Vie, Fr.; Lebensbaum, Ger. Derivation. From thyon, sacrifice; in consequence of the resin of the Eastern variety being used instead of incense in sacrifices. Why it was called Arbor Vitæ is uncertain. Parkinson says the American species was presented to Francis I. under this name, and that it has been continued ever since, though for what reason he knows not. It was called the Arbor Vitæ by Clusius. Royle mentions that, in the East, the cypress is called the tree of life; and that its berries, &c., are considered a cure for all diseases. Description, &c. Narrow, pyramidal, evergreen trees, or large fastigiate shrubs; natives of Asia, Africa, and North America, and for the most part hardy in British gardens. The species have been divided by Professor Don into the following sections : 1. Thuja vèræ. Cones oblong-compressed; scales consisting of a definite number (4 or 6), coriaceous, smooth, with one tubercle under the apex; two exterior ones shortened, boat-shaped. Seeds compressed, winged. To this belong T. occidentalis L., T. plicata Donn, and T. chilénsis D. Don. In T. occidentalis the seeds are flattened, winged all round, emarginate at the apex. 2. Biota. Cones roundish, squarrose; scales indefinite in number, peltate, woody. Seeds bellying, crustaceous, without wings. To this belongs T. orientalis L. 3. Cyparissa. Cones roundish; scales indefinite in number, peltate, woody. Seeds winged at the apex. To this belong, T. cupressöìdes L., T. pénsilis D. Don., and T. péndula D. Don. § 1. Thuja vera. 1. T. OCCIDENTALIS L. The western, or American, Arbor Vitæ. Identification. Hort. Cliff., 449.'; Hort. Ups., 289.; Roy Lugd., 87.; Smith in Rees's Cyc. No. 1.; Kalm Itin., 3. p. 389.; Mill. Dict., No. 1.; Du Roi Harbk., 2. p. 455.; Blackw., t. 210.; Kniph. Cent, 1. No. 91.; Wang. Amer., 7. t. 2.; Willd. Arb., 383.; Baum., 504.; Sp. Pl., 4. p. 508.; Michx. Arb., 3. t. 29.; N. Du Ham., 3. p. 12.; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 646.; Michx. N. Amer. Syl., 3. p. 226.; Rich. sur les Conif., p. 43. Synonymes. Thuja Theophrasti Bauh. Pin., 488.; A'rbor Vitæ Clus. Hist., 1. p. 36. ; white Cedar, Amer.; Cèdre américain, Cèdre blanc, Arbre de Vie, Fr.; gemeiner Lebensbaum, Ger.; Albero de Vita, Ital. Engravings. Blackw., t. 210.; Wang. Amer., 7. t. S.; Michx. Arb., 3. t. 29.; Rich. Con, t. 7. f. 1. ; our figs. 2312. to 2314.; and the plate of this tree in our last Volume. Spec. Char, &c. Branchlets 2-edged. Leaves imbricated in 4 rows, ovaterhomboid, adpressed, naked, tuberculated. Cones obovate; interior scales truncate, gibbous beneath the apex. (Willd.) A moderate-sized tree, or large shrub; a native of Canada, and in cultivation in England since 1596;, flowering in May, and ripening its cones in the following autumn. Varieties. IT.o. 2 variegata Marsh., p. 243. ; T. o. fòliis variegàtis Lodd. Cat., 1836; has the leaves variegated. There is a tree in the Horticultural Society's Garden, 8 ft. high, which was received in 1831, from Mr. T. o. 3 odorata Marsh., 1. c., N. Du Ham., iii. p. 13., is said to be more fragrant than the species. Description, &c. The American arbor vitæ, in its native country, according to Michaux, is a tree from 45 ft. to 50 ft. in height, with a trunk sometimes more than 10 ft. in circumference; though, in general, it is not above 11 in. or 15 in. in diameter at 5 ft. from the ground. From the number of the concentric circles, 117 of which Michaux has counted in a log 13 in. 5 lines in diameter, its growth appears to be extremely slow. The foliage is numerously ramified, and flattened, or spread out laterally. The leaves are small, opposite, imbricated scales: when bruised, they diffuse a strong aromatic odour. The sexes are separate upon the same tree: the male catkins are in the form of small cones, which, when ripe, are yellowish, about 4 lines in length, and composed of oblong scales, which open throughout their whole length for the escape of several minute seeds, each of which is surmounted by a short wing. The flowers appear early in spring, and the catkins are matured towards the end of September. In America, the full-grown arbor vitæ is easily distinguished from all other trees by its shape and foliage. The trunk tapers rapidly from a very large base to a very slender summit; and it is furnished with branches for four fifths of its height. The principal limbs are widely distant from each other, placed at right angles with the trunk, and have a great number of drooping secondary branches. The bark upon the trunk is slightly furrowed, but smooth to the touch, and very white when the tree stands exposed. The wood is reddish, somewhat odorous, very light and soft, and fine-grained. (Michx.) Compared with the Chinese arbor vitæ, the American species is a loose irregular-headed tree, with the branches much more horizontal than in that species. The rate of growth, in the climate of London, is from 6 in. to 1 ft. in a year. In ten years, in favourable soils, it will attain the height of 10 ft. or 12 ft.; and in 30 or 40 years, in moist sheltered situations, drawn up by other trees, it will attain the height of 30 ft. or 40 ft. The largest specimens in the neighbour 2313 |