the entire surface of the hedge will have to be cut in to the same depth every 5 or 6 years, otherwise the surface will become so thick and matted with twigs as to exclude the air from the interior, and to kill a number of the branches, so as here and there to form gaps. These gaps, by admitting the air, are the means of keeping the hedge alive; and it is curious in this way to see nature relieving herself.

The yew is admirably adapted for underwood; because, like the holly and the box, it thrives under the shade and drip of other trees. When planted in masses by itself, the trees are drawn up with straight trunks, like pines and firs; and, in good loamy soil, on a cool bottom, plantations of yews, treated in this manner, must evidently be highly valuable. There are some fine yew groves, with tall clean trunks, at Combermere, in Cheshire; and here and there in plantations, in most parts of the country, proofs may be obtained that the yew, like the cedar of Lebanon, the red cedar, the arbor vitæ, the juniper, and various other trees, usually seen as immense bushes, might easily be grown so as to throw all their strength into a clean straight trunk.

Accidents, Diseases, &c. The wood of the yew is tough, and therefore not liable to be injured by storms; and both the wood and the leaves being poisonous, neither are attacked by insects; or if they are, it is in a very slight degree. The points of the shoots, in some situations and seasons, produce little tufts of leaves, which may be considered as abortive shoots. Very few lichens or fungi are ever found on the bark; because that, as we have already observed, scales off every year. Sphæria Táxi Sow., t. 494. f. 6., is common

on the branchlets and leaves.

Statistics. Recorded Trees. The list of these might be greatly extended; but we shall confine ourselves to a few, commencing with one mentioned by Evelyn as growing in the churchyard of Crowhurst, in Surrey, with a trunk 10 ft. in diameter. The same author also mentions" a superannuated yew tree, growing in Braburne churchyard, in Kent, with a trunk 8 ft. 11 in. in circum ference, which had been blown down, and sawn up into goodly planks, and considerable pieces of squared and clear timber. Such another monster," he says, "is to be seen in Sutton churchyard, near Winchester." (Hunt. Evel., vol. ii. p. 195.) Box Hill, in Surrey, was, in the time of Evelyn, as celebrated for its yews as for its box trees. A tree at Hedsor, in Bucks, near the church, is said to have measured 9ft. in diameter; but this tree no longer exists. White mentions a yew tree in the churchyard of Selborne, which, in 1789, was apparently of great age. The body was squat, short, and thick, and girted 23 ft., supporting a large head. It was a male tree; and, in the spring, it shed clouds of dust. Most of the yew trees in the churchyards of that neighbourhood, he says, are males; which, White thinks, must be matter of mere accident, since, when these trees were planted, it was not generally known that there were sexes in trees; but, since he allows that the male trees are of more robust growth than the females, by selecting the strongest plants from seed-beds in which the plants stood all at equal distances, the chance would be in favour of males. A tree at Little Shardon, near Shareshill, in Staffordshire, had, in 1780, a singularly picturesque appearance, and formed one of a vast number of very old and large yew trees. (See Gent. Mag., vol. ix. p. 1187., Supp., where a figure of this picturesque tree is given.) In Scotland, according to Dr. Walker, there were a great many yew trees in the latter end of the last century, with trunks varying from 6 ft. to 52 ft. in circumference; the latter being the dimensions of the Fortingal Yew. On the hills between Dumbarton and Loch Lomond, there were, in the beginning of the present century, many hundreds of large yew trees, all of which have been cut down and sold. Hayes, in 1794, records several trees as at that time existing in Ireland. At Dunganstone, he saw above 30 trees, most of them with clear trunks 2 ft. in dia. meter, and upwards of 30 ft. high. A yew tree at Fornace, in Kildare, the same author observes, has a trunk 4 ft. in diameter at 6 ft. from the ground; and the diameter of the head is 66 ft.

Existing Trees. In the environs of London. There are many yew trees at Syon, and at the Chiswick villa, between 30 ft. and 50 ft. in height; at Mount Grove, Hampstead, a tree, 18 years planted, is 16 ft. high; at York House, Twickenham, 100 years old, it is 50 ft. high.-South of London. In De. vonshire, in the churchyard of Stoke-Gabriel, situated on the river Dart, is a fine old yew, 40 ft. high, the trunk of which is 13 ft. 8 in. in circumference, and the diameter of the head is 70 ft.; at about 7 ft. from the ground, the trunk divides into two limbs, one of 5 ft. 6 in., and the other 4 ft. 6 in., in circumference. In Dorsetshire, at Melbury Park, 200 years old, it is 55 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft., and that of the head 51 ft. In the Isle of Jersey, in Saunders's Nursery, 10 years planted, it is 9 ft. high. In Somersetshire, at Brockley Hall, it is 30 ft. high, with a trunk 18ft. in circumference; another, with a trunk 17 ft. in circumference: at Leigh Court, it is 45 ft. high, the circumference of the trunk 11 ft., and the diameter of the head 48 ft. In Surrey, at Titsey Place, near Godstone, it is 48 ft. high, the circumference of the trunk, at 5 ft. from the ground, is 18 ft. 6 in. and the diameter of the head between 60 ft. and 70 ft. In Hone's Every Day Book is an engraving of a yew tree in Windlesham churchyard, near Bagshot, Surrey, said to have been planted in the time of William the Conqueror, 21 ft. high, and 12 ft. in girt. In Sussex, at Cowdray, it is 30 ft. high, with a trunk of 4 ft. in diameter; at Kidbrooke, it is 40 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft. 6 in., and of the head 54 ft. In Wiltshire, at Longleat, 300 years old, it is 36 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 10 ft. 4 in., and that of the head 42 ft.-North of London. In Berkshire, at Aldsworth, near Wal. lingford, in the churchyard, is one 27 ft. 3 in. in circumference at 5 ft. from the ground: it has a fine regular head, urn-shaped, though, compared with the trunk, it is a dwarf. At Hampstead Marshall, there are the remains of a very old yew, the trunk of which was 47 ft. in circumference a few years ago; but which, in 1836, was only 37 ft. in circumference. In Cheshire, at Tabley Hall, 70 years old, it is 30 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1ft., and of the head 96 ft. In Denbighshire, at Llanbede Hall, 35 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft., and that of the head 41 ft. In Durham, at Southend, 28 years planted, it is 20 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft., and that of the head

30 ft. In Essex, at Shortgrove, there is a tree 50 ft. high, with a trunk 5 ft. 3 in. in diameter, and the diameter of the head 55 ft.; at Braybrooke, 51 years planted, it is 25 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk I ft. 6 in., and of the head 27 ft.; at Hyland, 10 years planted, it is 14 ft. high, the circumference of the trunk 1 ft. 10 in., and the diameter of the head 13 ft. In Hampshire, in Warblington churchyard, near Portsmouth, it is 26 ft. in circumference. In Kent, in Leeds churchyard, is a yew tree, the greatest circumference of which was 31 ft. 2 in.; at 7 ft. high, 28 ft. 8 in.; diameter of the hollow, in October, 1833, when some gipsies had been residing in it, 8 ft. 6 in.; height to the lowest branch 7ft. 11 in.; total height 32 ft. 4 in.; and diameter of the head 50 ft. In Leicestershire, at Donnington Park, 25 years planted, it is 31 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 10 in., and of the head 24 ft. In Northamptonshire, in the churchyard at Ashby, is a very large yew tree; but it is not easy to take its dimensions, as the stem is buried in mould up to the branching off of its chief branches. In Northumberland, at Hartburn, 80 years old, it is 38 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 5 ft. 6 in., and that of the head 30 ft. In Oxfordshire, in the Oxford Botanic Garden, 200 years old, it is 36 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 24 ft.; a female tree: another, a male tree, 200 years old, is 38 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1ft. 9 in., and of the head 27 ft. The yew hedges which formerly existed in this garden have been already mentioned, p. 2076. In Pembrokeshire, at Stackpole Court, 20 years planted, it is 20 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 9 in., and that of the head 18 ft. In Radnorshire, at Maeslaugh Castle, 26 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft. 9 in., and that of the head 66 ft. In Shropshire, at Hardwicke Grange, 9 years planted, it is 13 ft. high; at Willey Park, 21 years planted, it is 21 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft., and of the head 18 ft.; at Kinlet, 40 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 5 ft., and that of the head 71 ft. In Staffordshire, at Himley Hall, are several immense yew trees, particularly one which is celebrated for its widely spreading head. In Suffolk, at Finborough Hall, 70 years planted, it is 50 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 2 in., and that of the head 45 ft. In Worcestershire, at Hadzor House, it is 40 ft. high, and has a trunk 7 ft. in circumference; at Croome, 40 years old, it is 30 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft. 6 in., and that of the head 20 ft.; in Backleton churchyard is a very fine tree, with a trunk 7 ft. in diameter at 4 ft. from the ground. In Yorkshire, at Grimston, 13 years planted, it is 14 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 9 in., and of the head 14 ft.; at Spotborough Hall, near Doncaster, it is 34 ft. high, circumference of the trunk, at 3 ft. from the ground, 15 ft. 6 in., diameter of the head 63 ft.; in Studley Park, 50 ft. 6 in. high, with a trunk 4ft. 9 in. in diameter, and the diameter of the head 56 ft. (See fig. 1991.) In Scotland, in the environs of Edinburgh, at Gosford House, 35 years planted, it is 20ft. high, diameter of the trunk 3 ft. 10 in., and of the head 21 ft.; at Hatton House it is 40 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 30 ft.; at Moredun, 40 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft. 4 in., and of the head 57 ft. South of Edinburgh. In Berwickshire, at the Hirsel, 30 years planted, it is 17 ft. high, the diameter of the head 26 ft. In Kircudbrightshire, at St. Mary's Isle, it is 30 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 3 in., and that of the head 36 ft. In Haddingtonshire, at Tyningham, it is 24 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 2 in., and of the head 27 ft. In Roxburghshire, at Dryburgh Abbey, the one already noticed, p. 2079.; and at Minto, 140 years old, it is 20 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 54 ft.-North of Edinburgh. In Argyllshire, at Minard, is a beautiful tree, about 130 years old, 34 ft. 6 in. high, diameter of the head 59 ft. In Banffshire, at Huntley Lodge, it is 33 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft. 8 in. In Clackmannanshire, in the garden of the Dollar Institution, 10 years planted, it is 10 ft. high. In Cromarty, at Coul, 200 years old, it is 22 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2ft. 6 in., and that of the head 39 ft. In Forfarshire, at Monboddo, 100 years old, it is 20 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft. 6 in., and of the head 20 ft.; at Kinnaird Castle, 35 years old, it is 30 ft. high, the circumference of the trunk 5 ft., and the diameter of the head $5 ft. In Perthshire, on the estate of Johnstone, Esq., near the Old Castle of Kincardine, 700 years old, it is 45 ft. high, with a trunk 13 ft. 6 in. in circumference, and with three large limbs, one of which is 19 ft. long, and 7 ft. in girt; a second, 28 ft. long, and 5 ft. in girt; and a third, 22 ft. long, and 5 ft. 6 in. in girt: at Taymouth, 100 years old, it is 40f high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 36 ft.; at Marlee, near Dunkeld, a male and a female_tree, standing close together, of very large dimensions, and in a vigorous state of growth. In Ross-shire, at Brahan Castle, 20 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 14 in., and of the head 30 ft. In Stirlingshire, at Callender Park, 22 ft. high, the circumference of the trunk 11 ft., and the diameter of the head 33 ft.; at West Pican, 10 years planted, it is 8 ft. high.-In Ireland. near Dublin, at Terenure, 15 years planted, it is 12 ft. high; var. fastigiata, 20 years planted, is 15 ft, high. South of Dublin. In Cork, at Morn Park, 33 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2ft. 4in., and that of the head 47 ft. In King's County, at Charleville Forest, 45 years planted, it is 50 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 45 ft.-North of Dublin. In Down, at Castle Wood, 134 years old, it is 35 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 2 ft. 8 in., and of the head $9 ft.; at Moira, 45 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 4 ft., and that of the head 39 ft. In Fermanagh, at Florence Court, 89 years old, it is 33 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft., and of the head S0 ft.: var, fastigiata is a native of the neighbouring mountains, where the original plant is still in being. In Galway, at Coole, 30 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft., and of the head 21 ft. In Sligo, at Makree Castle, 52 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 3 ft., and that of the space covered by the branches 39 ft.In France, in the Jardin des Plantes, 120 years old, it is 45 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 5 ft.; in the same gardens, 50 years old, it is 20 ft. high. Near Nantes, 60 years old, it is 30 ft. high. At Avranches, in the Botanic Garden, 40 years planted, it is 20 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 1 ft., and that of the head 20 ft.In Hanover, in the Botanic Garden at Göttingen, 30 years planted, it is 20 ft. high.-In Cassel, at Wilhelmshoe, 30 years old, it has a trunk 1 ft. in diameter.-In Bavaria, at Munich, in the Botanic Garden, 19 years old, it is 8 ft. high.-In Austria at Vienna, in the University Botanic Garden, 30 years old, it is 20 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 9 in., and of the head 18 ft.; at Laxenburg, 28 years planted, it is 16 ft. high; in Rosenthal's Nursery, 17 years planted, it is 13 ft. high; at Brück on the Leytha, 40 years planted, it is 15 ft. high.-In Berlin, at Sans Souci, from 45 to 50 years old, it is 26 ft. high; the diameter of the trunk 11 in., and of the head 9 ft.-In Sweden, at Lund, in the Botanic Garden, it is 28 ft. high, the diameter of the trunk 9 in., and of the head 10 ft.-In Italy, in Lombardy, at Monza, it is 30 years old, and 36 ft. high; the diameter of the trunk 6 in., and of the head 20 ft.

Commercial Statistics. Transplanted seedlings, in the London nurseries, 1 ft. high, are 16s. per hundred; 2 ft. high, 40s. per hundred; and plants of T. b. fastigiàta, 1s. 6d. each. At Bollwyller, plants of the common yew are 1 franc each, and those of the variegated-leaved variety, and of the common yew, 5 francs each. At New York, small plants of the common yew are from 25 to 50 cents each; large plants, 1 dollar each; and plants of the Irish yew are I dollar each.

魯 2. T. (B.) CANADE'NSIS Willd. The Canada, or North American, Yew.

Identification. Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 856.; Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept., 2. p. 647.; Smith in Rees's Cycl.
No. 2.
Synonyme. T. b. minor Mich. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 245.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves linear, 2-ranked, crowded, revolute. Male flowers globose, always solitary. (Smith.) Michaux describes this species as of humbler growth than the European yew, of spreading habit, and with smaller flowers and fruit; and Pursh says that, under the shade of other trees, it does not rise above 2 ft. or 3 ft. high. Willdenow says that it is smaller and narrower in all its parts, and that it does not alter by culture; yet that a specific difference is hard to be detected. The leaves, however, are narrower, smaller, and revolute at the margin; and the male flowers are always solitary in the bosoms of the leaves. It is a native of North America, in Canada, and on the banks of the Antictem, in Maryland; growing only in shady rocky places, and flowering in March and April. It was introduced in 1800; and there are plants of it in the Horticultural Society's Garden, and in various nurseries; but it is obviously only a variety of the common yew.

GENUS II.

SALISBURIA Smith. THE SALISBURIA. Lin. Syst. Monce'cia Polyándria.

Identification. Lin. Trans., 3. p. 330.; Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 472.; Horn. Hort. Reg. Haff., 2. p. 903. Synonyme. Ginkgo of Kæmpfer, Linnæus, and others.

Derivation. Named in honour of R. A. Salisbury, F. R.S., L.S., &c., a distinguished botanist. Ginkgo is the aboriginal name in Japan.

Description, &c. A deciduous tree of the first magnitude, a native of Japan, and remarkable for the singularity of its leaves, which seem to unite Coníferæ with the Corylàceæ.

1. S. ADIANTIFO`LIA Smith. The Maiden-hair-leaved Salisburia,

or Ginkgo Tree.

Identification. Trans. Lin. Soc., 3. p. 330.; Willd. Sp. Pl., 4. p. 472.; Horn. Hort. Reg. Haff., 2. p. 903.; Jacq. Ueber den Ginkgo.

Synonymes. Ginkgo, Gin-an, or Itsjo, Kæmpf. Amen., p. 811.; Ginkgo biloba Lin. Mant., p. 313., Syst. Veg., ed. 14., p. 987., Thunb. Fl. Jap., p. 358., Pers. Synop., 2. p. 573., Tratt. Alb. Tos., ed. 2., 2. p. 80., Dec. in Bibl. Univ., 7. p. 130., Pesch in Bibl. Univ., 7. p. 29., Gouan Descr. du Ginkgo, &c.; Noyer du Japon, Arbre aux quarante E'cus.

The Sexes. Both sexes are in the Kew Botanic Garden, in the Hackney Arboretum, and in our garden at Bayswater.

Engravings. Kampf. Amen., p. 811. f.; Gouan Descr. du Ginkgo, &c., f.; Jacquin Ueber den Ginkgo, t. 1.; our figs. 1992. and 1993. ; and the plates of this tree in our last Volume.

Description, &c. In its native country, the salisburia forms a large tree, like the walnut, but is more conical in its manner of growth. In England, in the climate of London, where it is in a favourable soil and situation, it rises with a straight erect trunk, regularly furnished with alternate branches, at first inclined upwards, but, as they become older, taking a more horizontal direction, so as to form a regular, conical, and somewhat spiry-topped head. The bark is grey, somewhat rough, and it is said to be full of fissures when the tree gets to be old. The leaves resemble those of the Adiántum vulgàre. They are of the same colour and texture on both sides, and resemble, in their smoothness and parallel lines, those of a monocotyledonous plant. They are somewhat triangular in shape, disposed alternately, like the branches; wedge-shaped at the base, with stalks as long as the disk: they are abrupt at the upper extremity, and cloven or notched there, in a manner almost peculiar to this genus, and to some species of ferns: they are smooth, shining, and pliant, of a fine yellowish green, with numerous minute parallel ribs; and their margins are somewhat thickened. The male catkins, which appear with the leaves, in May, on the wood of the preceding year, or on old spurs, are sessile, about 1 in. long, and of a yellowish colour. The female flowers, according to Richard, have this particularity, that each is in part enclosed in a sort of cup, like the female flowers of Dacrýdium. This covering is supposed to be produced by a dilatation of the summit of the peduncle, as may be seen in our figure. The fruit consists of a globular or ovate drupe, about 1 in. in diameter; containing a white nut, or endocarp, somewhat flattened, of a woody tissue, thin, and breaking easily. The nut, when examined by Sir J. E. Smith, from specimens in his possession, which were sent from China to Mr. Ellis, was found to be larger than that of the pistachia, with a farinaceous kernel, having the flavour of an almond, but with some degree of austerity. The tree grows with considerable rapidity in the climate of London, attaining the height of 10ft. or 12 ft. in 10 years; and in 40 or 50 years, the height of as many feet. The longevity of the salisburia promises to be great, for the largest trees in England, that are in good soils, continue to grow with as much vigour as when they were newly planted; and the tree at Utrecht, which is supposed to be between 90 and 100 years of age, and, consequently, the oldest in Europe, though not large, still produces vigorous shoots. The highest tree that we know of in England is at Purser's Cross, where it was planted about 1767, as we have

seen in p. 72.; and it is above 60 ft. high: but by far the handsomest tree which we know of is that figured in our last Volume, from the Mile End Nursery; which, remeasured in July, 1837, was found to be exactly 60 ft. high.

1993

Geography and History. The salisburia, or ginkgo tree, is generally considered by botanists to be a native of the Island of Niphon, and other parts of Japan, and also of China; but M. Siebold, who resided seven years in Japan, and is publishing the flora of that country, states that the inhabitants of Japan consider the tree as not truly indigenous to their country, but to have been brought to them from China, though at a very remote period; and Bunge, who accompanied the mission from Russia to Pekin, states that he saw near a pagoda, an immense ginkgo tree, with a trunk nearly 40 ft. in circumference, of prodigious height, and still in the vigour

of vegetation. (Bull. de la Soc. d'Ag. du Départ. de l'Hérault, 1833.) It was first discovered by Kæmpfer in Japan, in 1690; and an account of it was published by that author, in his Amanitates Exotica, in 1712. It is uncertain when this tree was introduced into Europe. If the estimate made by Professor Kops of Utrecht, as to the age of the salisburia growing in the Botanic Garden there, be at all near the truth, it must have been first introduced into Holland between 1727 and 1737; and, from the connexion of the Dutch with Japan at that time, we think this highly probable. It is certain that it was not introduced into England till 1754, or a year or two previous; because Ellis, writing to Linnæus in that year, mentions that Gordon had plants of it. Gordon sent a plant of it to Linnæus in 1771; who, in his Mantissa, published in that year, noticed it, for the first time, under the name of Ginkgo biloba; which was altered by Smith, in 1796, to Salisburia adiantifòlia. This alteration, stated by Smith to be made on account of the generic name being " equally uncouth and barbarous," was very properly objected to at the time, and has since been protested against by M. De Candolle, on the principle of checking the introduction of a multiplicity of names.. We have, however, adopted the name of

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