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"six," and compelled to witness an illicit feast of hares from his own manor! We should not like to see a Jew rabbi upon the counter of a Christian pork-merchant, neither should we like to see a modern Brummel light his cigar at a Dr. Franklin. Impartially weighing the good with the evil of the melting system, we feel convinced that the good must preponderate. It would, to be sure, throw the undertakers out of employment; but then it would add considerably to the body of the tallow-chandlers. The mutes might tear their bat-bands into garters, tuck up their coat-sleeves, and turn to their new trade. Besides, what tracts of churchyard ground might be brought into profitable cultivation ! We have not yet calculated how many quarters of wheat might be raised on land at present cumbered with tombstones. If the relatives and friends of the departed would fain preserve some relict of the dead, they might empty the snuffers into rings and lockets, there would be an attractive and poetic sensibility in this. The custom would also present a continual moral-a memento mori would ever, at least at candlelight, be with us. One might speculate whether it was a second or third cousin on the table, and moralize accordingly. In small villages, which would doubtless burn their own population, the genealogy of every candle might be accurately retained, and the taper spoken of with becoming respect. Thus, when a light was required, the servant might be directed to set up another Mr. Jones," or put one of Mr. Tomkins on the table" And can it be thought that these worthy personages, whilst they diffused light, would not also give birth to those serious reflections so fervently advocated by all holy men? Certainly, they must. On the general adoption of the system, that famous line

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"Out, brief CANDLE !"+

will have a pointed warning, especially if addressed to a short, bulky liver.

We trust the public will think well of this proposition that they will bring to its consideration a liberal and philosophic mind. After all we think a candlestick, whether of brass or silver, is a more decent temporary abode than five feet of wet earth. To be sure, some alteration must be made in the Burial Service; but we have bishops all sufficient for the task. For ourselves, we enter

In a literal translation of Macbeth into French, the line is thus happily rendered ;"Sortez courte chandelle "

We

most heartily into the measure. contemplate with singular complacency the possibility of our mortal remnant giving light to a knot of good fellows; to have the air about us impregnated with the spirit of wit and humour escaping from the talkers, to bend our flame as it were into a courteous recognition towards a late companion, who should solicit us with his Havannah; or, still better, to witness the studious hours of a friend, whose hand has scarcely ceased throbbing from our last grasp, to be promoted to his table, to burn over the volume-perhaps a legacy from ourselves, to witness his thoughtful eyes bent steadfastly upon the page, conning more than once some passage marked by the thumb-nail or the pencil of the dead. Surely, this is to cheat the worms for something! Is the reader yet converted to the ❝ new light ?” If not, we leave him to the melancholy brightness of the lackered coffin-plate, and, as the deep-thoughted "Elia" has it, to the " angel" and " well-wrought cramp-irons.' We think Falstaff would have been of our faith. How the old knight would have blazed over posset!" But he had too much fat in him to be made into any one candle. Like Romeo, he should have been "cut into little stars," and used as flambeaux " between tavern and tavern.”—Mon. Mag.

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ILLUSTRATIONS OF HISTORY.

THE KNIGHTS OF THE TEUTONIC ORDER.

WITH the following origin of the Teutons, we shall complete our account of the most celebrated of those orders of knighthood that had their institution through the wars of Palestine.

This military and hospitable order owes its origin, which took place in 1191, to the piety of a German family, who, in the time of the Holy-war lived at Jerusalem, and erected a house for the reception and maintenance of such of his countrymen as resorted to Palestine as pilgrims. To the above house they added an oratory by permission of the Patriarch of Jerusalem which was dedicated to the Holy Virgin. Soon after, a number of gentlemen of Germany contributed towards the enlargement of this charity, and in 1191, they were joined by several others from Bremen and Lubeck, whereupon they, at their joint expense, erected a splendid hospital at Acre, and assumed the title of Teutonic Knights, or brethren of the Hospital of our Lady of Mount Sion, under the auspices of Henry, the

then King of Jerusalem, the Patriarch, and a number of Christian Princes.

About this time, the Emperor Frederick the 1st, surnamed Barbarossa, undertook the crusade, to recover the HolyLand from Saladin, the Soldan of Egypt. To perfect this undertaking, a vast assemblage of the nobility and gentry of Germany, offered their services, and in every attack made by Frederick against the infidels, they signalized themselves by their courage and fidelity, but the Emperor's death happening whilst they were in the midst of their victories, these valiant men found themselves engaged in besieging Acre, without a leader, they therefore chose Frederick, Duke of Suabia, and Henry, Duke of Brabant, for their generals, under whose banners they fought with so much bravery, at the taking of Acre, that Henry King of Jerusalem, instituted an Order in their favour, and with the Patriarch and other Princes, formed the statutes according to those of the Knights Hospitalars and Templars.

The statutes, set forth that the Knights should be well-born; that they should defend the Christian Church and Holy Land, and hospitably entertain pilgrims of their nation; and finally, that they should call themselves Knights of our Lady of Mount Sion. The Emperor, Henry VI. and Pope Celestin III. ordered that they should live according to the rules of the regular canons of St. Augustine, and that their mantles and standards should be white, having thereon a sable cross, in form similar to that of the Knights Hospitalars. Hereupon the King of Jerusalem by the authority of the Emperor of Germany, created the first knights, to the number of forty, making Henry-a-Walpot their first grand master. The Order now firmly established, went on, greatly increasing in wealth, caused by the liberal benefactions they received from Christian Princes. During the mastery of Henry of Saltza, these Knights rescued John, the son of Henry, King of Jerusalem, in a battle that was lost by the Christians against Conradin, King of Syria; for which timely service, the above John, granted to be borne by them the proper arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. After this the Duke of Masovia, in Poland, granted to them all the lands which they should take from the Tartars in Prussia, which grant was confirmed by the Pope and Emperor. In this war they was so successful, that a very short period had elapsed before they cleared the country of the Pagans, and possessed themselves of Livonia and Courland; and having founded several churches, towns, and castles, and planted some German colonies,

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The prosperity of the order was now beginning to be obscured by dissension. The Prussians, thinking themselves tyrannically oppressed, complained of them to Casimir the King of Poland, who for the wrongs they had committed, made the Grand Master, Lewis Erlinsufe, for the future, instead of considering himself a free prince of the Empire, enter into an agreement to perform homage to himself, as his Lord and Master. The successors of Lewis considered this act prejudicial to themselves, and resisted it by every means in their power, but without effect, for the King of Poland in spite of their resistance, compelled them to act up to it, and perform their homage.

At length Albert, Marquis of Brandenburgh, Grand Master of the order, abjured the Roman Catholic religion, for the doctrines of Luther, and at the same time treated with the King of Poland for the absolute mastery of Prussia, offering to do homage for the same to the crown of Poland. After this agreement had been entered into with the King of Poland, he abdicated the dignity of Grand Master of the order, subjugated Prussia, and expelled all the knights that refused to follow his example. Upon these reverses, the Teutons retired to Mariendal in Franconia. This expulsion, according to some writers, has been looked upon as the dissolution of the order.

The Teutons when in the fulness of their strength, were considered the most powerful of all the orders that existed in Europe, but at their subversion the order was divided into two branches, the first for Roman Catholics, who take the oath of celibacy, and have a house at Mergentheim in Germany, wherein to transact their affairs. The ensign worn by this branch is a cross patonce sable, thereon a cross fleury gold, over all on the centre an escutcheon gold, charged with the imperial eagle black. This ensign is worn round the neck, pendent to a gold chain.

The second branch is for Protestants; they possess a house at Utrecht, in which all their affairs are transacted, and their secretary resides. The manner of admission is as follows. If any of the nobles of

Holland propose a son to be a knight, his name is entered in the register, and a large sum of money is paid for the use of the poor maintained by the order, and the person whose name is enrolled succeeds in

rotation.

Upon the death of a Knight, the first on the list is summoned to attend the chapter, and bring with him proofs of his Nobility for four generations both on the father and mother's side; if not, he is struck out of the list.

The ensign of this branch is a crosspattee, enamelled white, surmounted with another black; above the cross is a ball, twisted white and black. It is worn about the neck, pendent to a broad black watered ribbon. The same cross is embroidered on the left breast of the upper garment of each Knight.

R. J.

CUSTOMS OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES-No. IX.

THE HARVEST OF THE SAVAGES.

MAPLE SUGAR HARVEST.

The juice of the maple was and still is, collected by the Savages twice a year. The first collection takes place about the end of February, March, or April, according to the latitude of the country in which the sugar-maple grows. The liquor collected after the slight night-frosts is converted into sugar by being boiled over a strong fire. The quantity of sugar obtained by this process differs according to the qualities of the tree. This sugar, light of digestion, and of a greenish colour, has an agreeable and somewhat acid

taste.

The second collection takes place when the sap of the tree has uot sufficient consistency to become sugar. This sap is condensed into a sort of treacle or syrup, which, dissolved in spring water, furnishes a cooling beverage during the heats

of summer.

Great care is taken to preserve the maple-woods of the red and white species. The most productive maples are those the bark of which looks black and scabby. The Savages conceive that these appearances are occasioned by the black redheaded wood-pecked, which pierces such trees in which the sap is most abundant. They consequently respect this wood-pecker as an intelligent bird and a good spirit.

About four feet from the ground two holes are made in the trunk of the maple, three quarters of an inch deep, and bored obliquely upward to facilitate the effusion of the sap.

These first two incisions are turned to the south; two similar ones are made towards the north. These holes are afterwards bored, according as the tree yields its sap, to the depth of two inches and a

half.

Two wooden troughs are placed on the two sides of the tree facing the north and south, and tubes of elder are introduced into the holes, to conduct the sap into these troughs.

Every twenty-four hours the sap which has run off is removed; it is carried into sheds covered with bark, and boiled in a pan of water, care being taken at the same time to skim it. When it is reduced to one half by the action of a clear fire, it is poured into another pan, in which it is again boiled till it has acquired the consistence of a syrup. Being then taken from the fire, it is allowed to stand for twelve hours. At the expiration of that time it is emptied into a third pan; but care must be taken not to shake the sediment deposited at the bottom of the li

quor.

The third pan is in its turn set upon charcoal half-burned and without flame.

A little fat is thrown into this syrup to prevent its boiling over. When it begins to be ropy, it must be poured into a fourth and last wooden vessel, called the cooler. A strong female keeps stirring it round without stopping, with a cedar stick, till it acquires the grain of sugar. She afterwards runs it off into bark moulds

which give to the coagulated fluid the shape of small conical loaves: the opera

tian is then finished.

In making molasses only the process ends with the second boiling.

The maple juice keeps running for a fortnight, and this fortnight is a continued festival. Every morning the maple-wood usually irrigated by a stream of water, is visited. Groups of Indians of both sexes are dispersed at the foot of the trees; the young people dance or play at different games, the children bathe under the inspection of the Sachems.-Chateaubriand's Travels.

Science and Art.

PROCESS FOR PREPARING INDELIBLE
WRITING ING.

MAKE a saturated solution of indigo and madder in boiling water, and in such proportions as to give a purple tint, add to it from one-sixth to one eighth of its weight of sulphuric acid, according to the thickness and strength of the paper to be used. This makes an ink which flows pretty

freely from the pen;-and when writing which has been executed with it is exposed to a considerable but gradual heat from the fire it becomes completely black, the letters being burnt in and charred by the action of the sulphuric acid. If the acid has not been used in sufficient quantity to destroy the texture of the paper and reduce it to the state of tinder, the colour may be discharged by the oxymuriatic and oxalic acids and their compounds, though not without great difficulty. When the full proportion of acid has been employed, a little crumpling and rubbing of the paper reduces the carbonaceous matter of the letter to powder, but by putting a black ground behind them, they may be preserved, and thus a species of indelible writing-ink is procured, (for the letters are in a manner shaped out of the paper) which might be useful for some purposes; perhaps for the signatures of bank notes.Brande's Journal.

ADULTERATION OF SULPHATE OF QUININE.

Some of the chemists having chose to adulterate this recent discovered and highly beneficial medicine, by mixing it with sugar, the following is a method proposed to physicians and pharmacopolists to detect this new species of fraud. Dissolve the salt in water, and precipitate the quinine by carbonate of potash. Filter the liquid, and evaporate to dryness; the residue being treated with alcohol, the latter dissolves the sugar and leaves the sulphate of potash, and the excess of carbonate untouched; on evaporating the alcohol the sugar is obtained quite pure.

MEDICAL VIRTUES OF THE SPIDER'S WEB.. Dr. Jackson, in his work on fever, pronounces that the web of the spider prevents the recurrence of febrile paroxysms more effectually than bark or arsenic, or any other remedy employed for that purpose. It is administered in pills of five grains every fourth or fifth hour, the patient being previously prepared by the usual evacuants. It is said to be useful also in spasmodic affections of various kinds, asthma, periodical head-aches, and general irritability; also as an application to ulcerated and irritable surfaces. The web should be that of the black spider, found in cellars, and dark and damp places.

Anecdotiana.

CARDINAL ANGELOTTO. THIS character notorious for the weakness of his intellect, and the meanness of his disposition, was extremely fond of detracting from the merit of others. One

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day, when Pope Eugenio, IV. was at Florence, a lad of ten years old was introduced to his Holiness, in the presence of the Cardinal. the Pope in a speech, which for gravity The youth addressed and wisdom, much exceeded his years, "It is common,' "observed Angelotto, when the rest of the audience praised the oration, "for young persons endowed with premature talents to fall into early decay of parts.' dinal," replied the lad, "you must have "Then, my Lord Carhad very extraordinary talents when you was young.'

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EPIGRAM.

latin Epigram written by Godfrey, a THE following is paraphrased from a prior of Winchester, in the year 1100.

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Diary and Chronology.

DATE. DAYS.

DIARY.

DATE.

CORRESPONDING CHRONOLOGY.

March 9 SUN. 3d. Sun. in Lent. March 9 St. Gregory Nyssen, was the younger brother of St.

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Basil, he became bishop of Nyssa, in Cappadocia, but was deposed by the Arian faction. He drew up the Nicene Creed, by order of the Council of Constantinople. He died A. D. 400.

1814. Fatal attack of the English on Bergen-opZoom, under Sir T. Graham.

101636. Sir Hugh Myddleton died on this day. He was a native of Denbigh, and a citizen of London, to which city he rendered the most important service, iu supplying it with water, by uniting two streams in Hertfordshire and Middlesex, and conveying the same through various soil, for a course of sixty miles. The effecting of this junction took five years to complete.

1792. Expired John, Earl of Bute, a nobleman, who for some time directed the education of Geo. III. He was prime minister in the early part of the late reign.

1820. Died, Benjamin West, Esq. the celebrated historical painter, and president of the Royal Academy. TAT 82.

11 St Eulogius was elected archbishop of Toledo, but before his consecration he was put to death by the Saracens at Cordova, in 859.

1544. On this day was born Torquato Tasso, the celebrated author of Jerusalem Delivered, at Sorrento, in the kingdom of Naples,

12 St. Gregory was born in 544. He was appointed prætor of the city of Rome, but being inclined to a religious life, he retired to the monastery of St. Andrew, of which he became abbot. On the death of Pelagius, in 590, he was elected Pope. He died in 604. He sent Austin, the monk to convert the English to Christianity,

1712. Queen Anne announced in the Royal Gazette her attention to touch publicly for the evil. 1713. On this day was published the first number of the Guardian, under the direction of Steele and Addison.

1825. Died, the Rev. Robert Bland, author of the Four Slaves of Cythera, a poetical romance, and several other works of a classical nature.

13 St. Nicephorus was Patriarch of Constantinople,

and died A. D. 828.

1791. Dr. Herschel on this day discovered the
planet called the Georgium Sidus.

14 St. Boniface was a native of England, and sent by
Gregory II, to convert the Germans. He was
slain by some peasants of Friesland, in 754.
1757. The brave admiral Byng shot at Portsmouth
a victim to political persecution.

1799. Died at Bath, T. 89, Wm. Melmoth, author
of Fitzosborne's Letters, and the translator of
Pliny and Cicero's Epistles,

1803. Expired T. 80, Frederick Klopstock, the author of the Messiah.

15 St Zachary was Pope, and died A. D. 752,

41. B. C. Julius Cæsar was assasinated by Brutus and his associates, in the Senate House, at Rome, in the 56th year of his age.

1784.

Expired, Dr. Thomas Franklin, the author of the Earl of Warwick, a Tragedy, and transla. tor of Phalaris, Sophocles, and Lucian, which performances evince abilities and genius of the first order.

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