any trace exist among them of that of Phoenicians. Might not, how ever, the Greeks have learnt it from the Egyptians themselves? The Gebalites (Mountaineers) 1 Kings, v. 32. were, according to our author, p. X. by the LXX. denominated Buß, which may poffibly have arifen from the mistaken emendation of fome ignorant copyift, who might be thinking of the neighbouring Buhos, fo that the word, therefore, fhould perhaps be read rẞ. Byblus and Gibla we conceive to have been entirely different places. In the name of Evhydra given to Sarepta Plin. H. N. V. 19, 17. there is probably an allution to the aqueducts of Sarpat.-Perhaps that of the place Marala (Margela) Joh. xix. 11. may likewife have originated in an error of the tranfcriber; and fhould be instead of h, upwards, toward the land, as it muft otherwife in that paffage have required the local He, and have been written by. The teftimony of Eufebius and St. Jerom, who might themselves have mifunderstood this only place in which the word occurs, is here of little weight. Capharcotia appears to us to have been compounded of the two words, Village of the Cuthaans, from 2 Kings, xvii. 30., corrupted afterwards by the Greeks into Exumors.Compare the Alexand. Vers. Judg. I. 27., and Jofephus Archeolog. XII. 8. 5.

DENMARK.

Ibid.

ART. 87. Reife-Jagttagelfer i Nogle af de Nordiske Lande, med Henfegt til Folkenes og Landenes Kundskab af M. Jacob Nicolai Wilfe, Pr. Th. extra Sognepraeft til Edflierg.-Obfervatioms made in Travels into certain Northern Countries. By J. N. Wilfe. Vol. IV. 393 pp. in 8vo. befides the dedication to the Society of Sciences at Göttingen. Copenhagen. 1793.

In this new volume Mr. W. gives an account of his journey from Hamburg to Berlin in the year 1776. The time employed in it being fo fhort, inafmuch as he fet out from the former place on the 19th of July, and left the latter on the 1st of Auguft, and as he had taken no fteps to provide himself with letters of introduction, we cannot expect to derive much information from this work. On his entrance into the Marquifate of Brandenburg, he prefents us with some general ftatistical and economical remarks, compiled in a great meafure from other modern travels, chiefly from Büfching's Journey to Kritz, on which we shall not allow ourselves to dwell, judging it unneceffary that our readers fhould be told, what number of fheep, pigs, or geefe are kept in this or that particular town or village. Of Berlin we meet here with a circumstantial and more interesting account, for much of which, however, we obferve that he has been indebted to the well-known defcription of this town by Nicolai. In Berlin there are 12 engravers on copper-plate, and 6 ftatuaries: in Norway fcarcely one. On the contrary, in Berlin there is only one Tinman, whereas in Norway there are upwards of 20. We find likewife in the former, what could hardly be expected in fuch a town, 85 hufbandinen, 365 gardeners, and 353 herdfimen. Since the year

1734 the most important articles of life are become three times more expenfive than they were before that period. The mean temperature in Berlin is 7 degrees, in Petersburg 3, in Stockholm 4, in Manheim 8, in Paris 84. From fome obfervations made on the climate of Spydeberg in Norway, nearly under the fame latitude with Stockholm and Petersburg, it appears that in the month of June, 1779, the temperature at Berlin, Spydeberg, and Carlsruhe was the fame, and that at Berlin, the number of rainy days was nearly double what it was at Spydeberg; namely, in the former place 129, and in the latter 65. The area of Berlin contains 931,935 fquare rods. In the year. 1786 were reckoned in 6500 houfes 145,000 inhabitants, in Paris only 78,000; whereas, in Vienna there were found in 4653 houses 210,000 inhabitants. In the year 1775 all the houfes in Berlin, excepting only the churches and the Koyal Palace, were infured for the fum of 15,840,000 rixdollars.

Kiobenhavn. lärd. Efter.

ART. 88. Statens Ven. I. Bend. om den private Lykfaligbed af Johannes Boye.-The Friend of the State. Vol. I. On private Happi nefs. By J. Boye. Copenhagen, 24, XVI, and 214 pp. in 8vo. The first volume of this popular, though often eccentric, work confifts of fix chapters. In the first the author treats of the nature of pleasure. Happiness is the cominon end of all human actions and endeavours. Of happiness pleafure may be regarded as the effence.There is a fenfual and a spiritual pleasure. The latter is either the pleafire of the imagination, or what may properly be denominated mental or moral pleasure. Each of thefe different fpecies depends on the gratification of the inceffant efforts of the foul to think; this effort, this exertion is therefore the moft general, and the first impulfe of the human foul. The doctrine of original fin cannot, according to our author, be accounted for on philofophical grounds; nor does he allow fympathy to be a diftinct affection.

afcertain the deThere are violent Those of a fober preferred, and, by

In the fecond chapter the author endeavours to grees, as he does in the 3d, the value of pleasure. and tranquil; fhort-lived and permanent pleafures. and durable kind are, in their own nature, to be confequence, fenfual pleafures are, in point of value, inferior to the mental.

In the 4th chapter Mr. B. delineates what is by him termed nega tive virtue. Virtue, or an inclination to perform actions which may tend to promote the well-being of our fellow-creatures, originates only in our defire of happiness; there are, of course, no abfolute duties. All duties are therefore voluntary. The natural man is neither virtuous nor vicious. He only who has had the advantage of fuperior information is virtuous. To him virtue is indifpenfably neceffary as a mental pleasure, particularly of that kind which depends on conscience and an internal feeling. (To the opinion maintained in this part of the work we cannot, indeed, well fubfcribe. The oppoGite philofophical tenet of an abfolute virtue, founded in the deductions of human reafon, and the general moral laws refulting from it, appears

5

appears to us to be infinitely more worthy of man, and of the Deity If the author fhould think himself justified in rejecting this doctrine, it is at least incumbent on him to endeavour to invalidate the grounds by which it is fupported, which he has, however, not condefcended to do.)

In the 5th chapter is confidered the nature of pofitive, or the higher fpecies of virtue. It confifts in the facrifices which we are ready to make for others, and is likewife to be referred to that relish for mental pleasure which it is fo admirably calculated to produce. No other mean can therefore be fuggefted by which we may attain to the highest degree of happiness, than the moft pure and difinterested virtue.It is neceffary to the happiness of the virtuous that he should be convinced of the existence of a fuperintending Providence, and of the immortality of the foul; but virtue may, notwithstanding, (according to our author, whofe conclufions, however, his prenifes will by no means be found to authorize) fubfift independently of a pofitive religion.

In the 6th and laft chapter Mr. B. undertakes to point out the importance of civilization. Virtue cannot, he afferts, exit without it. To promote the unreftrained cultivation of our mental powers thould therefore be the main object of the exertions both of individuals and of the state. Even the hiftory of Europe fufficiently proves, by an uniform refemblance in the events which fimilar caufes have produced in it, that vice is invariably connected with ignorance and prejudice, as virtue will, on the contrary, appear to have increased with our increafing knowledge.

Ibid.

Lift of German Scientific Publications; continued from our

laft, p. 443.

ART. 89. Fauna Infectorum Germanica initia. Dentfchlands Infe&ten, heraufgegeben von Dr. G. W. F. Panzer, IV. V. VI. Heft. The Infects of Germany, 4, 5, and 6 numbers; each containing 24 PP. of illuminated figures, with the fame quantity of text ; in large 12mo. enclosed in a cafe, 12 grs. each. Nürnberg.-An elegant and accurate work, highly deferving the attention of the ftudent in Natural History.

ART. 96. J. Eufeb, Voets Befchreibungen und Abbildungen, der Infecten, überfetzt vermehrit und mit beständingen Commentarien verfeben on G. W. F. Panzer; der Origenalaufgabe II. Theil, oder der Deutschen Aufgabe III. u. IV. Theil. I. E. Voets Descriptions and Figures of Infects, tranflated, augmented, and accompanied with a Commentary by G. W. F. Panzer; 2d part of the Original, or the 3d and 4th of the German edition, plates I. XII. Sheets, A. D. Erlangen, 1793, 4to. We fhall be glad to fee the speedy completion of a work, which, in the execution of the plates, by no means falls fhort of the original, and which is by the additions made to it, in the very copious notes of the prefent tranflator, rendered greatly fuperior to it.

ART. 91. Tabellarifche Ueberficht der mineralogisch einfachen Fofilien zum Bebuf feiner Vorlesungen heraufgegeben von Dietrich Ludwig Guftav. Karften der W. W. Dr. Kgl. Preufs. Bergrath und Lehrer der Mineralogie bey dem Bergwerks. Eleven-Inflitute in Berlin, &c. Zweyte mit Zufätzen u. Verbesserungen verfebens Auflage. View in Tables of fimple Mineralogical Fofile drawn up for the Ufe of his Lectures, by D. L. G. Kariten, &c. Second Edition, with Additions and Improvements. Berlin. 11 Sheets in Folio.-This edition of a very useful work, has certainly great advantages over the first': among others, the author has con ftantly pointed out the fources from which he has drawn the materials, forming this compendium of mineralogy.

ART. 92. Kriftallographie des Mineralreichs. Von Karl Bekkerhin und Chriftian Kramp. Cryftallograpy of the M.neral Kingdom. By C. Bekkerhin & Chr. Kramp, Vienna, 1793; 439 p. in 8vo. The authors have in general followed the method adopted by the late eminent natural philofopher, Romé de l'Ifle; of whom, however, as well as of Hany, they fpeak, in the preface, in no very respectful terms. As nothing is faid of them in the title, we think it right to mention that the work is accompanied with 9 plates, 8 of which agree in every figure with thofe to be found in the Cryftallography of R. D. L. and the ninth only, which is intended to illuftrate the additional obfervations on the measurement of crystals, being new. ART. 93. S. Th. Sömmering vom Baue des menfchlichen körpers. Vierter Thiel, Gefäßslehre, oder vom Herzen, von der Arterien, Venen, and Saugadern-S. Th. Sömmering on the Conftruction of the Human Body. Fourth vol. Doctrine of the Vefels, or of the Heart, the Arteries, and Veins; Frankfurt on the M. 488 pp, befides the general view, confifting of 48 pp. in 8vo.-The great reputation of the author in this department, makes it unneceffary for us to do more than merely to announce the publication of this new volume, in which we are glad to find that he has affigned to the heart its proper fituation in the human fyftem, from which, by being ranked among the Vifcera, it had hitherto been excluded.

Ibid.

ART. 94. Literatura univerfa Materie Medica, alimentaria, toxicolo gia, pharmacie et therapice generalis Medicæ atque Chirurgica petiffimum Academica. Scripfit E. G. Baldinger, Gulielmo IX. Haffia Lander. Confil. intim. archiater ord. med. Marburg. Prof. primar. Marburg 1793. 359 pp. in 8vo.

In the year 1768 the author published at Altenburg, in 4to, a list of academical differtations belonging to the Materia Medica. Since that time he has been employed in collecting every thing of this defcription relating to the fame fubject, of the exiftence of which, in different languages and countries, he could obtain information, by which means he has been enabled greatly to encreafe the fize and value of this work, which, though fome omiffions may still be difcovered in it, is now, perhaps, rendered as complete, as its nature would allow; the order obferved in it being likewife, in our opinion, the best he could pebly have adopted.

ACKNOW.

Ariphron's last request, respecting his remarks on Mr. Bofcawen's Tranflation of Horace, thall be complied with as foon as poffible, fince we find ourselves unable to take advantage of his first propofal.

We are thankful to our friend J. W. for the favourable opinion he expreffes of the conduct of the British Critic. He will hardly expect a circumftantial reply to all the points he difcuffes in his letter. With respect to his question concerning the term Rationalizers of Christianity, we would be underftood to point out thofe perfons who will not allow of any thing in our religion fuperior to the comprehenfion of the ordinary faculties of men. In fhort, who deny every thing mysterious.

DOMESTIC LITERATURE.

Dr. Reid, of Newman-Street, is about to publish a treatise on the subject of Warm and Cold Sea Bathing, where we may expect to find the refult of much practical knowledge on the Lubject.

The Rev. Mr. Owen, whofe Retrofpect, and other publications we have had occafion to commend, will foon give to the public two volumes of Travels in different parts of Europe.

The Rev. Mr. Middleton, the author of the Country Spectator, is employed in a translation of Maximus Tyrius, with notes and illuftrations. This author has not, we believe, been hitherto tranflated into English.

We are very glad to find that Dr. Shaw's fplendid and use ful work, entitled Mufeum Leverianum, is to be continued. No. VI. which will be the first number of the fecond volume, will very foon appear.

The defcription of the country from thirty to forty miles round Manchester, arranged and compofed by the celebrated Dr. Aikin, with Maps, Plans, and Views to a confiderable amount, will be published, as we hear, on the King's BirthDay.

Mr. Playfair, well known for many political tracts, replete with ftrong and manly fenfe, a commercial Atlas, and other ufeful Works, is preparing a Hiftory of Jacobinifm, in which he propofes to difplay it in all its genuine deformity. This book will be published by fubfcription.