need, and which Mr. P. confiders to be effential to the orator. At any rate it cannot be denied that this work muft have given no fmall degree of trouble to the author, who, it feems, has not allowed himfelf to infert any words in this vocabulary for which correfponding ones could not be found in Virgil, Horace, Cicero, Taffo, Ariofto, Boccace, Pope, Milton, or in the most approved German, Spanish, and Portuguese writers. The annexed bibliographical notices, giving fome account of more than 200 of the best Latin, Italian, Spanish, and English authors, and in which what are generally esteemed the most valuable editions are pointed out, may, in any cafe, be found useful, as it exhibits the tiilos of a felect library of foreign literature. ITALY. ART. 53. In the journal of Mr. Brugnatelli are contained feveral letters by MM. Carminati, Volta, and Galvani, which are now first collected in the work here announced. The experiments, with the inferences deduced from them, by Mr. Volta, occupy a great part of this volume, which likewife prefents us with a detail of the obfervations made by MM. Carminati and Galvani. Mr. V. gives in the first place a concife hiftory of what may be called the conjectures made on the fubject of animal electricity before the time of Galvani, and maintains that he ought to be regarded as the first perfon who has made any real and fatisfactory discoveries in it. He afterwards details the refults which he had obtained by repeating the experiments of Galvani, which uniformly agree with those of that writer; and having defcribed the new phænomena by which he thinks himself enabled to throw a ftill greater degree of light on this branch of Natural Philofophy, he acquaints his readers, in the laft place, with the confequences which he believes himself authorized to deduce from them. Giornal. Enciclop. d'Italia. ART. 54. Memoria fulla forza dell' Alkali fluore per fermar l'Emorragia de vafi arteriofi e venofi, pel Dottore Giuseppe Maria la Pira, e per Gaëtone il fuo figlio, publicata per ordine del Rè. In Svo. Napoli. The extraordinary effects of the Fluor Alkali in stopping violent hæmorrhages are here afcertained in a number of cafes, attefted by the Profeffors Vairo, Contugni, and Sementino, before whom, at Naples, the experiments were made by order of the King. The proportions of Fluor Alkali and of water in the ftyptic liquor employed by Mr. Pira, were four ounces of the former to one pound of the latter. Ibid. GERMANY. GERMANY.. ART. 55. Die Göttlichhe eilige Schrift des Alten und Neuen Teftaments, in Lateinifcher und deutscher Sprache durchans mit Erklärungen nach dem Sinne der heil. Röm. Catholifcben Kirche der heiligen Kirchenvätur und der berühmteften Catholischen Shrift, ufleger nebft eigenen Bemerkungen erlautert von D. Heinrich Braun.The infpired Writings of the Old and New Teftament, in the Latin and German Languages, illuftrated throughout with Explanations agreeably to the Senfe of the Roman-Catholic Church, the Holy Fathers, and the most celebrated Catholic Expofitors, together with his owu Remarks. By Dr. H. Braun. 6 vol. in large 8vo. containing the historical books (the Apocrypha) and the Pfalms. Augfburg. 1789-39. Left it fhould be fufpected from the terms used in the title that the author has confined himself merely to the commentaries written by persons of his own religious profeffion, we take this opportunity of informing the biblical student that this is by no means the cafe; but that he has, on the contrary, availed himfelf, nearly in an equal degree and with great judgment, of the works of protestants in the fame department of literature. In regard to the Mofaical books, he observes that a "perfon of family, understanding, and education, like Mofes, might reasonably be fuppofed to have taken advantage of the oral and written traditions of his ancestors, the genealogical tables of the patriarchs and their defcendants, as well as the public monuments and infcriptions exifting in his time in the compilation of the works af cribed to him, which might, notwithstanding this circumstance, ftill have the fame claim to infpiration." The account given by him of the creation, Dr. B. understands in an historical light; and if it fhould be urged, on phyfical grounds, that the world must have existed long before the Mofaic Chronology, he allows that Gen. 11, may, confiftently with the idom of the Hebrew language, be fo rendered as to fignify a renovation of it only. The tranflation, compared with fome others in the German language, as, for inftance, that by Michaëlis, has no inconfiderable Thare of elegance, more efpecially in the poetical books, but is to be regarded not fo much as a verfion from the original Hebrew, from the Vulgate, which it often follows too clofely. Thus, in Gen. i. 26, the author renders the word hominem, a man, whereas it may be inferred, from v. 21, that the word is rather to be understood in a collective fenfe, to denote men or mankind; c. iv. 7, When thou doeft good, thou wilt be rewarded, but if otherwife, the fin is before thy door-in foribus peccatum eft. So Pl. xxx. 5; For anger is in his wrath, and life in his pleafure-quoniam ira in indignatione ejus; which Dr. Br. has very properly tranflated in a note, for his wrath endureth but for a moment, and his kindness throughout life, &c. The notes, which contain much valuable information, and show the author to have been intimately acquainted with the works of the moft celebrated exegetical writers, both of his own and other countries, are placed at the bottom of the text; nor has Dr. Br, neglected to to point out the differences between the readings of the Vulgate, and of the original Hebrew, though he has not ventured to determine which of the two ought to be preferred. Jena ALZ. Of the following fcientific Works, which may not be interefting to the generality of our readers, and of which to amateurs the characters muft, for the most part, be known from the numbers that have before appeared, we fhall point out the titles, with the laft deliveries only; viz. ART. 56. Fungi Mecklenburgenfes feletti: Autore Henrico Julio Tode, Synodi Mecklenburgenfis Præpofito, et V. D. apud Pritzienfes Miniftro. Fafciculus II. Generum novorum appendicem & fphæriarum acaulium Subordines III. priores complectens. Tabulis Xaneis adjectis Lüneburg. 64 pp. 4to. ART. 57. Defcriptio et Adumbration Microfcopico-analytica Mufcorum frondoforum, necnon aliorum Vegetantium è Claffe Cryptogamica Linnæi novorum dubiifque vexatorum Tomus II. Auctore D. J. Hedwig P. p. c. 12 pp. with 40 plates, either black or illuminated; Vol. III. 100 pp. likewife with 40 plates; D. J. Hedwigii Stirpes Cryptogamice (the title on the covers of the different Livraifons forming the volumes). Vol. IV. Fafciculus. I. 26 pp. with 10 pl. Fol. Leipfic, 1793-A work remarkable for the accuracy both of its figures and defcriptions, and which may be confidered as unique in its kind. ART. 58. D. J. Hedwigs Sammlung feiner zerfreuten Beobachtungen über Botanisch-ökonomische Gegenstände. Erftes Bändchen-D. J. Hedwig's Collection of Mifcellaneous Obfervations on Botanico-economical Subjects. Part. I. 208 pp. in 8vo. with 5 illuminated plates. Leipfic, 1793.-Thefe valuable Effays were originally inferted in different periodical works, as the Leipziger Sammlungen zur Phyfik und Naturgefchichte, the Leipziger Magazin, publifhed by Lefke and Hindenburg, and the Schriften der Kurfürftlich-Sächfifchen Oekono-mifchen Societät-to be followed annually by a volume containing new Differtations and Obfervations on Botanical Phyfics, and chiefly on the external parts of Plants, by the fame ingenious author. ART. 59. Naturfyftem aller bekannten in und ausländischen Infe&ten als eine Fortsetzung der von Buffonfchen Naturgefchichte, von Joh. Fried. Wilh. Herbft. Der Schmetterlinge fechfter Theil.—Natural Syftem of all known domeftic and foreign Infects, as a Continuation of the Natural Hiftory of Buffon, by J. F. W. Herbft. Of Butterflies the Sixth Part; with 36 well-executed and illuminated plates. Berlin, 1793. II fheets in 8vo. CORRESPONDENCE. A Friend, for whofe opinions we have the higheft refpect, thinks it important that the unfair efforts of the author of Cale's Williams, to throw an odium upon the laws of his country, should be specifically and diftinétly expofed. The whole of the fable, he alledges, and the reafoning which it is employed to introduce, is founded not upon mere mistake, or accidental mifreprefentation, but upon a flatement, with refpect to the law of England, abfolutely falfe; of which it is imposible that any man, who wishes to be informed, can be ignorant. As we did not hesitate to correct an accidental mis-ftatement of our own refpecting this book, fo neither can we prevail upon ourselves to fupprefs the remarks of our friend and correfpondent, which certainly are fuch as deferve particular attention. We fhall allow him therefore, to speak for himself. The hinge upon which the fable turns is the perfecution, and the confequent misfortunes and death of the Hawkinses. Without examining whether a landlord can be juftified in turning out his tenant for not voting according to his direction, or whether there are many inftances of perfons who have been victims of this fpecies of oppreffion, fuch a combination as Mr. Godwin fuppofes among the gentry of this country certainly does not exift; and if any gentleman fhould be inclined thus to facrifice a victim to his refentinent, he must hefitate upon two confiderations; the injury to his own interefts, by depriving himself of a tenant in the first inftance, and by increafing the difficulty of finding tenants in future; and the probability, (which all who know the fpirit with which elections are carried on will admit to be very great) that the man he turns adrift, will be taken under the protection of the oppofite party, and that inftead of bringing ruin upon him, he will be the means of making his fortune. I have taken notice of this because it might induce a doubt whether Mr. Godwin has even taken a common and fuperficial view of the state of fociety in this country, inftead of having furveyed it with the precifion, and fagacity of a Philofopher, and I proceed, to what is of much greater importance, thofe circumftances refpecting the Laws of this Country, and the Mode of their Execution, which he has alledged in direct violation of truth. He pretends in the firil place that the overflowing of a man's land by wilfully breaking a dam, by which a river has been confined, and the deftruction of a crop, by breaking down fences and turning in cattle, are injuries for which redrefs cannot be obtained, but by means too expenfive for a perfon of the degree of a farmer to refort to; and in the purfuit of which a rich man would have fuch advantages, by being able to protract the fuit, as in effect to put it in his power to do what he pleafed with impunity, Now the fact is notoriously the reverse. The decifion must be by a Jury of the neighbourhood, moft probably Farmers, the procefs is as fimple, and as little expenfive, as it is poffible for any judicial proceeding to be, without being fummary, and arbitrary. There are no means by which the decifion can be protracted, and any Attorney of his acquaintance will inform Mr. Godwin that the only cafe of this nature, in which it is impoffible to obtain redress, is not where the offender is rich, but where he is fo utterly deftitute of property, as to have nothing to pay the cotts, and make fatisfaction in damages. He next fuppofes that the fact of poifoning cattle, brought home to a man by fufficient evidence, is only a ground for a civil action. If that were the cafe, it has been already remarked that the remedy is obvious, expeditious, and cheap, and not to be eluded, where there is property to pay the damages. But it is a capital Felony under feveral Statutes. By the Black Act, unlawfully and maliciously to kill or maim any cattle is Felony without benefit of Clergy, and the Hundred fhall anfwer the damages to the amount of zool. We foon after find Tyrrell, the landlord of Hawkins, endeavouring to diftrefs him by fhutting up his road to the market town, across a field belonging to Tyrrell, in the occupation of another tenant, where there had been a broad path, time out of mind. Hawkins the Son removes the obstructions, breaks the padlocks, and fets open the gates. He is, upon this, carried before a Bench of Justices, who commit him to take his trial for the Burglary at the next affizes. What is ftated to have been done by Hawkins is merely a trefpafs, for which, fuppofing Tyrrell had a right to ftop the road, (which it would be prefumed he had not, if it had been customarily ufed) he might recover damages. It could not be the ground of any criminal proceeding, unless it was done by fuch a company, and with fuch circumftances of violence, and outrage, as to constitute a riot; and then the offenders would be bailable, and the punishment upon conviction only by fine, and imprisonment, according to the circumstances of the cafe. It could in no cafe conftitute a capital offence, much less a Burglary, of which the legal definition, fevery part of which must be eftablished by evidence upon trial) is a breaking into a dwelling-house, in the night time, with intent to commit a Felony. We have next the ftory of Mifs Melvile's arreft. It feems very improbable that what is there related would have been attempted or executed at the risk of incurring the penalty for murder; nor is it likely that a tranfaction, exciting fuch general indignation and refentment, should not have been profecuted with all the rigour of the law. The murder of Tyrrell, the acquittal of Falkland, the trial, condemnation, and execution of the Hawkinses, fucceed to our notice. There is no evidence to bring the fact home to Mr. Falkland, and the jury fet his high reputation against the very flight prefumption of his guilt, arifing from his abfence during a few minutes from his lodgings, about the time when Tyrrell was fuppofed to have fallen. To this no objection can be made, nor do I fufpect that Mr. Godwin thinks the eloquent defence he has compofed for Falkland could fail of its effect upon merely human judges. The circumstances stated against the Hawkinses are fo ftrong as almoft to amount to pofitive proof. There is no tribunal by which they would not probably have been condemned. But it is to be remembered that the narrative before us is fictitious, and though I neither mean to palliate, or deny, the fallacy of human judgment, I think it may fairly be queftioned, whether it is poffible that fuch cir cumstances thould appear without actual guilt. Mr. Godwin's imagination has not been able to account for them, and the narrative in this inftance may be confidered as exceeding all the bounds of proba3 bility. |