intimate friendship with Cardinal Bellarmine and other eminent persons.

But the hours of repose, which he employed so well, were interrupted by a new information in the Inquisition; where a former acquaintance produced a letter written by him in cyphers, in which he said, "that he detested the court of Rome, and that no preferment was obtained there but by dishonest means.' This accusation, however dangerous, was passed over on account of his great reputation; but made such impressions on that court, that he was afterwards denied a bishopric by Clement VIII. After these difficulties were surmounted, F. Paul again retired to his solitude; where he appears, by some writings drawn up by him at that time, to have turned his attention more to improvement in piety than learning. Such was the care with which he read the scriptures, that, it being his custom to draw a line under any passage which he intended more nicely to consider, there was not a single word in his New Testament but was underlined. The same marks of attention appeared in his Old Testament, Psalter, and Breviary.

But the most active scene of his life began about the year 1615; when Pope Paul V. exasperated by some decrees of the senate of Venice that interfered with the pretended rights of the church, laid the whole state under an interdict. The senate, filled with indignation at this treatment, forbade the bishops to receive or publish the pope's bull; and, convening the rectors of the churches, commanded them to celebrate divine service in the accustomed manner, with which most of them readily complied: but the Jesuits and some others refusing, were by a solemn edict expelled the state. Both parties having proceeded to extremities, employed their ablest writers to defend their measures. On the pope's side, among others, Cardinal Bellarmine entered the lists, and, with his confederate authors, defended the papal claims with great scurrility of expression, and very sophistical reasonings; which were confuted by the Venetian apologists in much more decent language, and with much greater solidity of argument. On this occasion F. Paul was most eminently distinguished by his Defence of the Rights of the supreme Magistrate, his Treatise of Excommunication, translated from Gerson, with an Apology, and other writings; for which he was cited before the Inquisition at Rome; but it may be easily imagined that he did not obey the summons.

The Venetian writers, whatever might be the abilities of their adversaries, were at least superior to them in the justice of their cause. The propositions maintained on the side of Rome were these: That the pope is invested with all the authority of heaven and earth: that all princes are his vassals, and that he may annul their Jaws at pleasure: that kings may appeal to him, as he is temporal monarch of the whole earth: that be can discharge subjects from their oaths of allegiance, and make it their duty to take up arms against their sovereign: that he may depose kings without any fault committed by them, if the good of the church requires it: that the clergy are exempt from all tribute to kings, and are not accountable to them even in cases of high-treason: that the pope cannot err: that his decisions are to be received and obeyed on pain of sin, though all the world should judge them to be false: that the pope is God upon

earth: that his sentence and that of God are the same: VOL. XVI. Part I.

才

and that to call his power in question is to call in question the power of God: maxims equally shocking, weak, pernicious, and absurd; of which it did not require the abilities and learning of F. Paul to demonstrate the falsehood and destructive tendency. It may be easily imagined that such principles were quickly overthrown, and that no court but that of Rome thought it for its interest to favour them. The pope, therefore, finding his authors confuted and his cause abandoned, was willing to conclude the affair by treaty; which, by the mediation of Henry IV. of France, was accommodated upon terms very much to the honour of the Venetians. But the defenders of the Venetian rights, though comprehended in the treaty, were excluded by the Romans from the benefit of it: some, upon different pretences, were imprisoned; some sent to the galleys; and all debarred from preferment. But their malice was chiefly aimed against F. Paul, who soon felt the effects of it; for as he was going one night to his convent, about six months after the accommodation, he was attacked by five ruffians armed with stilettoes, who gave him no less than 15 stabs, three of which wounded him in such a manner that he was left for dead. The murderers fled for refuge to the nunico, and were afterwards received into the pope's dominions; but were pursued by divine justice, and all, except one man who died in prison, perished by a violent death.

This, and other attempts upon his life, obliged him to confine himself to his convent, where he engaged in writing the History of the Council of Trent; a work unequalled for the judicious disposition of the matter, and artful texture of the narration; commended by Dr Burnet as the completest model of historical writing; and celebrated by Mr Worton as equivalent to any production of antiquity; in which the reader finds “liberty without licentiousness, piety without hypocrisy, freedom of speech without neglect of decency, severity without rigour, and extensive learning without ostentation."

In this, and other works of less consequence, he spent the remaining part of his life to the beginning of the year 1622, when he was seized with a cold and fever, which he neglected till it became incurable. He languished more than twelve months, which he spent almost wholly in a preparation for his passage into eternity; and among his prayers and aspirations was often heard to repeat, "Lord! now let thy servant depart in peace." On Sunday the eighth of January of the next year, he rose, weak as he was, to mass, and went to take his repast with the rest; but on Monday was seized with a weakness that threatened immediate death; and on Thursday prepared for his change, by receiving the viaticum, with such marks of devotion as equally melted and edified the beholders. Through the whole course of his illness to the last hour of his life he was consulted by the senate in public affairs, and returned answers in his greatest weakness with such presence of mind as could only arise from the consciousness of in

nocence.

On Saturday, the day of his death, he had the passion of our blessed Saviour read to him out of St John's gospel, as on every other day of that week, and spoke of the mercy of his Redeemer, and his confidence in his merits. As his end evidently approached, the brethren of his convent came to pronounce the last prayers, with which he could only join in his thoughts, being able to K pronounce

Paulo.

Paulicians follow the absurd and superstitious practice of the Greeks, who paid to the pretended wood of the cross a certain sort of religious homage. 5. They rejected, after the example of the greatest part of the Gnostics, the books of the Old Testament; and looked upon the writers of that sacred history as inspired by the Creator of this world, and not by the supreme God. 6. They excluded presbyters and elders from all part in the administration of the church.

PAULINA, a Roman lady, wife of Saturnius governor of Syria, in the reign of the emperor Tiberius. Her conjugal peace was disturbed, and violence was offered to her virtue, by a young man named Mundus, who fell in love with her, and had caused her to come to the temple of Isis by means of the priests of that goddess, who declared that Anubis wished to communicate to her something of moment. Saturnius complained to the emperor of the violence which had been offered to his wife; and the temple of Isis was overturned, and Mundus banished, &c.-There was besides a Paulina, wife of the philosopher Seneca. She attempted to kill herself when Nero had ordered her husband to die. The emperor, however, prevented her; and she lived some few years after in the greatest melancholy.

PAULINIA, a genus of plants belonging to the octandria class, and in the natural method ranking under the 23d order, Trihilata. See BOTANY Index.

Nicholas Paulo, a Venetian, who went with his brother Matthew, about the year 1255, to Constantinople, in the reign of Baudoin II. Nicholas, at his departure, left his wife big with child; and she brought to the world the famous Marco Paulo, the subject of this memoir. The two Venetians, having taken leave of the emperor, crossed the Black sea, and travelled into Armenia; whence they passed over land to the court of Barka, one of the greatest lords of Tartary, who loaded them with honours. This prince having been defeated by one of his neighbours, Nicholas and Matthew made the best of their way through the deserts, and arrived at the city where Kublai, grand khan of the Tartars, resided. Kublai was entertained with the account which they gave him of the European manners and customs; and appointed them ambassadors to the pope, in order to demand of his holiness a hundred missionaries. They came accordingly to Italy, obtained from the Roman pontiff two Dominicans, the one an Italian, the other an Asiatic, and carried along with them young Marco, for whom Kublai expressed a singular affection. This young man, having learned the different dialects of Tartary, was employed in embassies which gave him the opportunity of traversing Tartary, China, and other eastern countries. At length, after a residence of seventeen years at the court of the grand khan, the three Venetians returned to their own country, in the year 1295, with immense fortunes. A short time after his return, Marco serving his country at sea against the Genoese, his galley, in a great naval engagement, was sunk, and himself taken prisoner, and carried to Genoa. He remained there many years in confinement; and, as well to amuse his melancholy as to gratify those who desired it from him, he sent for his notes from Venice, and composed the history of his own and his father's voyages in Italian, under this title, Delle maraviglie del mondo da lui vidute, &c.; the first edition of which appeared at Venice, in 8vo, 1496. His work was translated into different languages, and inserted in various collections. The editions most esteemed are the Latin one published by Andrew Muller at Cologne, in 4to, 1671; and that in French, to be found in the collection of voyages published by Bergeron, at the Hague, 1735, in 2 vols 4to. In the writings of Marco Paulo, there are some things true and others highly incredible. It is indeed difficult to believe, that as soon as the grand khan was informed of the arrival of two Venetian merchants, who were come to sell theriaca (or treacle) at his court, he sent before them an escort of 40,000 men, and afterwards dispatched these Venetian ambassadors to the Pope, to beseech his holiness to send him a hundred missionaries. It is equally difficult to believe that the Pope, who doubtless had an ardent zeal for the propagation of the faith, instead of a hundred, should have sent him only two missionaries. There are therefore some errors and exaggerations in Marco Paulo's narrative; but many other things which were afterwards verified, and which have been of service to succeeding travellers, prove that in several respects his relation is valuable. He not only gave better accounts of China than had been before received; but likewise furnished a description of Japan, of many of the islands of the East Indies, of Madagas car, and the coasts of Africa; so that from his work it might be easily collected, that a direct passage by sea to the Indies was not only possible, but practicable. It K 2

We

PAULINUS, a bishop who flourished in the early part of the 7th century. He was the apostle of Yorkshire, having been the first archbishop of York. This dignity seems to have been conferred on him about the year 626. He built a church at Almonbury, and dedicated it to St Alban, where he preached to and converted the Brigantes. Camden mentions a cross at Dewsborough, which had been erected to him, with this inscription, Paulinus hic prædicavit et celebravit. York was so small about this time, that there was not so much as a small church in it in which King Edwin could be baptized. Constantins is said to have made it a bishopric. Pope Honorius made it a metropolitan see. are told that Paulinus baptized in the river Swale, in one day, 10,000 men, besides women and children, on the first conversion of the Saxons to Christianity, besides many at Halystone. At Walstone, in Northumberland, he baptized Segbert king of the East Saxons. Bede says, "Paulinus coming with the king and queen to the royal manor called Ad Gebdrin (now Yeverin), staid there 36 days with them, employed in the duties of catechizing and baptizing. In all this time he did nothing from morning to night but instruct the people, who flocked to him from all the villages and places, in the doctrine of Christ and salvation; and, after they were instructed, baptizing them in the neighbouring river Glen." According to the same Bede, "he preached the word in the province of Lindissi; and first converted the governor of the city of Lindocollina, whose name was Blecca, with all his family. In this city he built a stone church of exquisite workmanship, whose roof being ruined by long neglect or the violence of the enemy, only the walls are now standing." He is also said to have founded a collegiate church of prebends near Southwell, in Nottinghamshire, dedicated to the Virgin Mary. This church he is said to have built when he baptized the Coritani in the Trent.

PAULO, MARCO, a celebrated traveller, was son to

may

Paulo

may be worth while to add, that, in the opinion of the authors of the Universal History, what he wrote from Pausanias his own knowledge is both curious and true, so that where he has erred his father and uncle must have deceived him.

PAULUS EMILIUS. See EMILIUS Paulus. PAVO, the PEACOCK; a genus of birds belonging to the order of gallina. See ORNITHOLOGY Index. PAVO, in Astronomy, a constellation in the southern hemisphere, unknown to the ancients, and not visible in our latitude. It consists of 14 stars, of which the names and situations are as follows:

PAVOR, a Roman deity, whose worship was introduced by Tullus Hostilius, who, in a panic, vowed a shrine to him, and one to Pallor, Paleness; and therefore they are found on the coins of that family.

PAUSANIA, in Grecian antiquity, a festival in which were solemn games, wherein nobody contended but free-born Spartans; in honour of Pausanias the Spartan general, under whom the Greeks overcame the Persians in the famous battle of Platea.

PAUSANIAS, a Spartan king and general, who signalized himself at the battle of Platea against the Persians. The Greeks, very sensible of his services, rewarded his merit with a tenth of the spoils taken from the Persians. He was afterwards appointed to command the Spartan armies, and be extended his conquests in Asia; but the haughtiness of his behaviour created him many enemies; and the Athenians soon obtained a su periority in the affairs of Greece.-Pausanias, dissatisfied with his countrymen, offered to betray Greece to the Persians, if he received in marriage as the reward of his perfidy the daughter of their king. His intrigues being discovered to the Ephori of Sparta, he fled for safety to a temple of Minerva; and as the sanctity of the place screened him from the violence of his pursuers, the sacred building was surrounded with heaps of stones, the first of which was carried there by the indignant mother of the unhappy man. He was starved to death in the temple, and died about 474 years before the Christian era.

PAUSANIAS, a learned Greek historian and orator,

in the second century, under the reign of Antoninus the Philosopher, was the disciple of Herodes Atticus. He lived for a long time in Greece; and afterwards went to Rome, where he died at a great age. He wrote an excellent description of Greece, in ten books; in which we find not only the situation of places, but the antiquities of Greece, and every thing most curious and worthy of knowledge. Abbe Gedoin has given a French translation of it in 2 vols 4to.

PAUSE, a stop or cessation in speaking, singing, playing, or the like. One use of pointing in grammar is to make proper pauses, in certain places.-There is a pause in the middle of each verse. See POETRY and READING.

PAW, in the manege. A horse is said to paw the ground, when, his leg being either tired or painful, he does not rest it upon the ground, and fears to hurt himself as he walks.

PAWN, a pledge or gage for surety or payment of money lent. It is said to be derived à pugno, quia res quæ pignori dantur, pugno vel manu traduntur. The party that pawns goods has a general property in them; they cannot be forfeited by the party that hath them in pawn for any offence of his, nor be taken in execution for his debt; neither may they otherwise be put in execution till the debt for which they are pawned is satisfied;

If the pawn is laid up, and the pawnee robbed, he is not answerable; though if the pawnee use the thing, as a jewel, watch, &c. that will not be the worse for wearing, which he may do, it is at his peril; and if he is robbed, he is answerable to the owner, as the using occasioned the loss, &c.

If the pawn is of such a nature that the keeping is a charge to the pawnee, as a cow or a horse, &c. he may milk the one and ride the other, and this shall go in recompense for his keeping.

Things which will grow the worse by using, as apparel, &c. he may not use.

PAYS DE CALAIS, a department in the north of France, lying along the straits of Calais. Its territorial extent is 1,331,719 arpents, or 1,650,000 acres, or 2580 square miles. The population in 1800 was 566,061, and in 1817 it was 580,457. The contributions in 1802 were 4,558,5'9 francs. The climate of this department is cold and moist, and the soil is not very fertile. It produces corn, tobacco, hemp, flax, and wool. There are coal mines and quarries of various kinds. The manufactures, which are chiefly of woollens, are but inconsiderable. Arras is the chief town. The department contains 6 sub-prefectures, 43 cantons, and 953 communes.

PEA, in Botany. See PISUM.

PEACE, TEMPLE OF, a celebrated temple at Rome, which was consumed by fire A. D. 191; produced, as some writers suppose, by a slight earthquake, for no thunder was heard at the time. Dio Cassius, however, supposes that it began in the adjoining houses. Be that as it will, the temple, with all the surrounding buildings, was reduced to ashes. That magnificent structure had been raised by Vespasian after the destruction of Jerusalem, and enriched with the spoils and ornaments of the temple of the Jews. The ancients speak of it as one of the most stately buildings in Rome. There men of learning used to hold their assemblies, and lodge their writings, as many others deposited their jewels, and whatever else they esteemed of great value. It was likewise

Peace

Peak.

likewise made use of as a kind of magazine for the spices that were brought by the Roman merchants out of Egypt and Arabia; so that many rich persons were reduced to beggary, all their valuable effects and treasures being consumed in one night, with the temple.

PEACH. See AMYGDALUS, BOTANY and GARDENING Index.

PEACOCK. See PAVO, ORNITHOLOGY Index. PEAK OF DERBYSHIRE, a chain of very high mountains in the county of Derby in England, famous for the mines they contain, and for their remarkable caverns. The most remarkable of these are Pool's hole and Elden-hole. The former is a cave at the foot of a high hill called Coitmoss, so narrow at the entrance that passengers are obliged to creep on all-fours; but it soon opens to a considerable height, extending to above a quarter of a mile, with a roof somewhat resembling that of an ancient cathedral. By the petrifying water continually dropping in many parts of the cave are formed a variety of curious figures and representations of the works both of nature and art. There is a column here as clear as alabaster, which is called The Queen of Scots' Pillar, because Queen Mary is said to have proceeded thus far when she visited the cavern. It seems the curiosity of that princess had led her thus far into this dark abode; and indeed there are few travellers who care to venture farther; but others, determined to see the end of all, have gone beyond it. After sliding down the rock a little way, is found the dreary cavity turned upwards: following its course, and climbing from crag to crag, the traveller arrives at a great height, till the rock, closing over his head on all sides, puts an end to any further subterraneous journey. Just at turning to descend, the attention is caught by chasm, in which is seen a candle glimmering at a vast depth underneath. The guides say, that the light is at a place near Mary Queen of Scots' pillar, and no less than 80 yards below. It appears frightfully deep indeed to look down; but perhaps does not measure any thing like what it is said to do. If a pistol is fired by the Queen of Scots' pillar, it will make a report as loud as a cannon. Near the extremity there is a hollow in the roof, called the Needle's Eye; in which if a candle is placed, it will represent a star in the firmament to those who are below. At a little distance from this cave is a small clear stream consisting of hot and cold water, so near each other, that the finger and thumb of the same hand may he put the one into the hot water and the other into the cold.

Elden-hole is a dreadful chasm in the side of a mountain; which, before the latter part of the last century, was thought to be altogether unfathomable. In the time of Queen Elizabeth, a poor man was let down into it for 200 yards; but he was drawn up in a frenzy, and soon after died. In 1682, it was examined by Captain Collins, and in 1699 by Captain Sturmy, who published their accounts in the Philosophical Transactions. The latter descended by ropes fixed at the top of an old lead-ore pit, four fathoms almost perpendicular, and from thence three fathoms more obliquely, between two great rocks. At the bottom of this he found an entrance into a very spacious cavern, from whence he descended along with a miner for 25 fa

thoms perpendicular. At last they came to a great river or water, which he found to be 20 fathoms broad and eight fathoms deep. The miner who accompanied him, insisted that this water ebbed and flowed with the sea; but the Captain disproved this assertion, by remaining in the place from three hours flood to two hours ebb, during which time there was no alteration in the height of the water. As they walked by the side of this water, they observed a hollow in the rock some feet above them. The miner went into this place, which was the mouth of another cavern; and walked for about 70 paces in it, till he just lost sight of the Captain. He then called to him, that be had found a rich mine; but immediately after came running out and crying, that he had seen an evil spirit; neither could any persuasions induce him to return. The floor of these caverns is a kind of white stone enamelled with lead ore, and the roofs are encrusted with shining spar. On his return from this subterraneous journey, Captain Sturmy was seized with a violent headach, which, after continuing four days, terminated in a fever, of which he died in a short time.

PEAK of Teneriffe. See TENERIFFE.

PEAN, in Heraldry, is when the field of a coat of arms is sable, and the powderings or.

PEAR. See PYRUS, BOTANY and GARDENING Index.

PEAR Glass. See VITREA Lacryma.

PEARCE, DR, lord bishop of Rochester, was the son of a distiller in High Holborn. He married Miss Adams, the daughter of a distiller in the same neighbourhood, with a considerable fortune, who lived with him 52 years in the highest degree of connubial happiness. He had his education in Westminster school, where he was distinguished by his merit, and elected one of the king's scholars. In 1710, when he was 20 years old, he was elected to Trinity College, Cambridge. During the first years of his residence at the university, he sometimes amused himself with lighter composition, some of which are inserted in the Guar dian and Spectator. In 1716, he published his edition of Cicero de Oratore, and, at the desire of a friend, luckily dedicated it to Lord Chief Justice Parker (afterwards Earl of Macclesfield), to whom he was a stranger. This incident laid the foundation of his future fortune; for Lord Parker soon recommended him to Dr Bentley, master of Trinity, to be made one of the fellows; and the doctor consented to it on this condition, that his lordship would promise to unmake him again as soon as it lay in his power to give him a living. In 1717, Mr Pearce was ordained at the age of 27; having taken time enough, as he thought, to attain a sufficient knowledge of the sacred office. In 1718, Lord Parker was appointed chancellor, and invited Mr Pearce to live with him in his house as chaplain. In 1719, he was instituted into the rectory of Stappleford Abbots, in Essex; and in 1720, into that of St Bartholomew, behind the Royal Exchange, worth 400l. per annum. In 1723, the lord chancellor presented him to St Martin's in the Fields. His Majesty, who was then at Hanover, was applied to in favour of St Claget, who was then along with him; and the doctor actually kissed hands upon the occasion; but the chancellor, upon the king's return, dis

puted