generally fixed at ten; but proof is here adduced, that they amounted to twenty-one. This work was crowned last year with the particular sanction of the Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres, at the competition for prizes; and it has been justly recommended in various French periodical publications, as one of the most important that have appeared on ancient history for many years.

It contains, in fact, the history of Egypt under the Ptolemies, from Alexander to Augustus ; and, as those kings had a share in almost all the great events that occurred either in Europe or Asia for about three centuries, a chronological synopsis of their history serves also to illustrate that of the princes or states that were their contemporaries. A number of chronological tables are annexed, with two cuts, or plates, of medals. The author is M. Figeac.

GERMANY.-The Emperor Francis published an edict, ordaining that the work entitled, Jus Criminale Hungaricum, or the Criminal Laws of Hungary,' published by M. Vuchetich, Professor of the Roman Civil Law, &c. in the University of Pesth, be considered as the standard and guide by which all the lectures on law in the Universities of Hungary shall be modelled. His Majesty has ordered the sum of 3000 florins to the author.

The number of students in the University of Leipsic increased to upwards of a thousand. Many that were at the University of Jena, and which they were obliged to quit, repaired to Leipsic, where their conduct was unblameable. At Jena, there were thirteen Greeks, seven of whom are now at Leipsic, where others of their countrymen had previously been prosecuting their studies. A number of Cour

landers and other Russians were also in that University.

There was published at Vienna, a

polemical Journal in the Greek language, entitled Calliope, the object of which was to deprecate the taste for Literature and the Arts beginning to revive in Greece. The ostensible editor is M. Athanasius of Stagyra, but the real editor is a soi-disant Athenian, whose name is odious to all Greeks that are lovers of liberty. The seventeenthnumber contained a libellous and offensive diatribe, levelled at the methods of Pestalozzi, which, by an inexcusable ignorance, were confounded with the philosophy of Kant. Invectives the most outrageous and abusive were lavished upon the venerable Coray, the most illustrious of modern Greeks, who, by all the intelligent men of that unhappy nation, is hailed as the reformer, the father, and the benefactor of his country.

A Geographical Society was established at Vienna, the object of which was to facilitate the execution of different labours projected in the inte rior of the Austrian monarchy, and to concentrate various means of information relating to geography and statistics. M. the Baron de Schwitzen, counsellor of state, was occupied in the formation of this Board, which is placed under the immediate direction of the Council of State.

There was recently discovered in the Ambrosian Library at Milan, a

manuscript copy of the Iliad of Homer of the fourth century, with sixty pictures, equally ancient. The characters are square capitals, according to the usage of the best ages, without distinction of words, without accents or the aspirates; that is to say, without any sign of the modern Greek orthography. The pictures are upon vellum, and represent the principal circumstances mentioned in the Iliad. M. Angelo Maio, professor at the Ambrosian College, caused the manuscript to be printed in one volume, with the engravings from the

pictures, and the numerous scholia attached to the manuscript. These new scholia fill more than thirty-six pages in large folio; they are all of a very ancient period, and the greater part of them are by authors anterior to the Christian era and to the school of Alexandria. The authors quoted are one hundred and forty in number, whose writings have been lost, or are entirely unknown. The manuscript, however, does not contain the Iliad entire, but only the fragments which relate to the pictures.

A letter, dated December 23, 1819, from A. Mai, the principal librarian of the Vatican to the Pope, giving an the Pope, giving an account of Cicero's Treatise de Republica, excited great expectation.

"I have the honour and satisfaction," says M. Mai, in his letter to the Pope, "to inform your beatitude, that in two re-written Codices of the Vatican I have lately found some lost works of the first Latin classics. In the first of these MSS. I have discovered the lost books De Republica of Cicero, written in excellent letters of the best time, in three hundred pages, each in two columns, and all fortunately legible. The titles of the above noble subject, and of the books, appear in the margin; and the name of Cicero, as the author of the work, is distinctly legible. The other re-written codex presents various and almost equally precious works. It is singular that this MS. contains some of the same works which I discovered and published at Milan, and I have here found what was there wanting. I perceived this at first sight, not only from comparing the subject, but also from the hand-writing, which is precisely the same as that of the Milan MS.

"The contents are-1. The correspondence between Fronto and Marcus Aurelius before and after he was Emperor. This is an instructive, affectionate, and very interesting collec

tion; the first and second books, containing epistles to M. Aurelius, were published from the Milan MS.; that now found in the Vatican contains the third, fourth, and fifth books, as well as the supplement to the second, and some other works by Fronto, Latin and Greek. 2. The fine commentary of the ancient inedited scholiast on Cicero, begun to be published by me at Milan, and now to be increased by five other orations, with the supplements to those already printed at Milan. 3. A fragment of an oration, by Q. Aurelius Symmachus, with the supplement of two by the same author, already published by me. 4. The supplements to the homily, or Gothico Ulphilan commentary, a portion of which was also found at Milan, together with an essay of Ulphilas. These valuable works, mixed into two volumes, which were taken for writing parchment in the middle ages, were sent partly to Rome, and partly to Milan, from the Convent of St Columbanus at Robbio. They will now be again united in a Roman edition of them, which I shall lose no time in publishing.

(Signed)

"ANGELO MAI.” The public have been already apprised of the publication, in the Armenian language, of the Chronicle of Eusebius; to which may be added, that Doctor Zobrab, who brought the manuscripts to Constantinople, has been an assistant to M. Majo in the Latin translation, and in the publication, by augmenting it with a copious preface, with notes, and with the Chronicle of Dr Samuel, an Armenian writer, who lived in the thirteenth century.

Baron de Niebuhr, Prussian Ambassador to the Holy See, discovered and published several MS. works hitherto unknown. They are chiefly fragments of Cicero's Orations Pro M. Fonteio and Pro C. Rabirio; a frag

much knowledge of life, and of popular errors and vulgar prejudices. The author has lately directed his attention to the support of other works. 23. "The Pretender's Companion." 24. "The Periodico-Mania" undertakes to castigate the other journals, and wonders at the liberty of the press, which tolerates them all. 25. "The Contra Periodico-Mania" vindicates the journals, and their number. Independently of all these periodical publications, the press teems with answers, apologies, and explanations, relative to attacks, allusions, personalities, or errors, contained in the journals; and in competition with all these, crowds of sermons, discourses, and commentaries on the Constitution, press on the notice of the public. There is, indeed, a Censor of the Press appointed; but, at present, the office is extremely indulgent. The principal country towns also have their journals,-Barcelona, Valentia, Saragossa, Cadiz, and Corunna.

SWEDEN.-The Universities of Sweden are in a very flourishing state. In the first quarter of last year the number of students at Upsal amounted to 1197, and those of Lund to 600. The whole of the establishments of the kingdom professing to communicate classical education, contained 3485 scholars. These establishments cost the state annually about 60,000l.

DENMARK.-The royal library of Copenhagen contains between 3 and 400,000 volumes of printed works, and a prodigious number of interesting MSS. At the sale of the fine library of Count Otto Thot, amounting to 116,395 volumes, exclusive of pamphlets, manuscripts, and incunabula, the royal library obtained an accession of 50,000 volumes; and the Count, by his will, had bequeathed to it 4154 MSS., with his valuable collection of 6159 works that had been

printed before the year 1530. In 1789, the Danish government bought up the library of Luxdorf, rich in classical works and in MSS., and it was annexed to the royal library. It afterwards received valuable acquisitions at the sale of the libraries of Oeder, Holmskiold, Rottboll, Ancher, and others, in 1789, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, and 98. In 1796, an accession was made of the immense library of Suhm, the historian. He had collected, in the course of 50 years, 100,000 volumes, which he left to the disposition of the public. A little before his death, he presented them to the royal library; it was not so large, but was a better selection and of higher value than that of Thot. In 1787, previous to these numerous acquisitions, the royal libra ry contained a very great number of books and MSS.

GREECE. The public schools established at Smyrna and Chios had hitherto been attended with the happiest success. The great College of Chios was particularly distinguished, and students flocked to it from all parts of Greece. Its three most celebrated Professors were Bardalochos, Seleri, and Bambas. Bardalochos has published a Compendium of Experimental Philosophy, and an Essay on Greek Pronunciation, in which the modern Greek etacism is treated with more than usual leniency. Professor Seleri had nearly ready for the press a Manual of Mathematics, selected from his Lectures. Bambas, who for a long period studied mathematics, philosophy, and natural history, in Paris, was now about to publish, in the modern Greek language, an elementary book on chemistry from Thenard. His Compendium of Rhetoric has already had an extensive circulation. Some time ago, a new printing-office was established at Chios, the whole apparatus for which was brought from Paris.

A German, named Byrhoffer, is at the head of this establishment.

Chios then enjoyed perfect tranquillity; for, in consequence of an agreement entered into with the Turks, it was governed entirely by Greek Magis trates. In the meanwhile large sums were devoted to the maintenance of pub. lic institutions-a library was forming under the superintendence of the celebrated Greek scholar, Coray of Paris; through the liberality of private individuals, about 30,000 volumes were al ready collected. The College of Chios at present contains about 700 students, and their numbers are constantly augmenting. Professor Raumus was at the head of the College of Smyrna; he had published a System of Philosophy, in four volumes, modelled after the system of Professor Krug of Leipsic. The work is dedicated to Coray.

These improvements among the modern Greeks must naturally tend to render their language popular through. out Europe. Weigel, the bookseller of Leipsic, published an excellent Dictionary and a Modern Greek Grammar by Professor Schneider; and in England there has lately appeared a very useful little Grammar of the Modern Greek language by Dr Robertson, who is a member of the Philomusæ Society of Athens, and of the Ionian Academy. The stereotyped editions of the Greek authors published by Tauchnitz of Leipsic, are extensively circulated throughout Greece on account of their cheapness. Weigel is also engaged in preparing a corrected edition of the principal Greek prose writers and poets, which is to be pub. lished under the general title of the "Bibliotheca Græca ;" it will no doubt be eagerly sought after in Greece. Even the observations on Greek geography are gradually acquiring fresh accuracy.

The Athenian Society of the Philomusa, which was instituted by the

Vienna Congress in 1815, proposes sending four young Greeks to Italy and Germany to complete their education: the society consists of 300 members, most of whom are foreigners. According to letters from Mr. Robert Pinkerton, that active agent of the British Bible Society, it appears that a Society for the Promulgation of the Gospel has been established at Athens. The Archbishop residing at Constantinople has been chosen President, and the British Consul, Logotheti, together with Mr Tirnaviti, are Vice-Presidents.

The modern Greeks speak a language resembling that of the ancients in almost every respect. But time, conquest, slavery, the barbarism of ages, have introduced some new terms, and altered the rules of syntax in certain points. The Greek inhabitants, however, understand pretty exactly all the ancient Greek, when it is spoken in the pronunciation now in use, which seems to have been that of the time of Constantine. As the two languages accord in so many points of contact, the modern Greek may be considered as a mere idiom confined to the lower classes of society, and which it would be well to remove, as far as it may be practicable, by recalling the ancient.

It is curious to observe the gradual disuse of Greek among the Greeks, produced by the change of their residence. In Greece the Turks speak only Greek; in Constantinople the Greeks speak both Greek and Turkish, but only the former to each other; in Asia Minor, along the coast, they can speak Greek when addressed in it, but talk Turkish to each other. And in the interior parts of Asia Minor, they know no other language than Turkish.

A college on a large scale was about to be founded at Zagori, in the province of Epirus. The voluntary donations for this establishment amounted