It only remains for me to express my thanks to the several Governors and Chaplains of the gaols visited, for the uniform kindness with which they offered every facility for inspecting the establishments under their charge. To William Merry, Esq. of Berkshire, to Joseph Adshead, Esq. of Manchester, and to the authorities at the Home Office, I am more especially indebted. To Colonel Cathcart, DeputyLieutenant of the Tower, and to George L. Chesterton, Esq. I owe a debt of gratitude for which an acknowledgment is but a poor return. And lastbut not least, let me express my deep obligations to T. Duffus Hardy, Esq. Keeper of the Tower Records, for his assistance in reading and deciphering such of the old papers of his office as contained any new and curious matter there available for my purposes.

84, ST. JOHN'S WOOD TERRACE,

REGENT'S PARK.

W. H. D.

CONTENTS.

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CHAPTER I.

CRIME AND CRIMINALS.

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1. Social Problems connected with Prisons - 3. Prison Reformers

4. The London Gaols closed to the Public-5. A Suggestion for throw-

ing them open Practice in America and at Home-6. History of the

London Prisons-7. Their material and moral Condition-8. Examples

of the Horrors in Giltspur-street and Newgate - 10. A bird's-eye

View of the various Systems of Discipline-11. Captain Maconochie---

Norfolk Island-12. Principles of the Mark System-13. Labour versus

Time-20. Prisoners after Punishment-Story of Thomas Wright-

21. Cost of Crime-The boys Kelly-26. The returned Transport-

28. His Misfortune, and the Results to which it led-29. Three hundred

Persons rescued from a vicious Course of Life.

CHAPTER II.

THE TOWER.

32. What the Tower is used for-33. The Londoners and Empress

Matilda-Magna Charta-Wat Tyler and Jack Straw-34. Trophies of

Victory-Colonel Blood and the Crown Jewels-35. The Tower as a

State Prison - 36. When first erected - The Cement of Blood -

37. View of the Tower from the Hill-The White-tower and Turrets

-38. The Armoury-The Prison-towers-39. The By-ward-tower-

The Bell-tower-Miseries of State Prisoners-John Fisher's Letter to

Cromwell-40. The Princess Elizabeth in Durance-The unknown

Chronicler-Torture in the Tower-41. St. Thomas's-tower-Edward

the Confessor-Ings, the Cato-street Conspirator-Traitors'-gate-

Anecdote of "Poor Edward Bohun "-42. The Monmouth Family-

The Dead, alive-43. Royal Jurisdiction-Traitors carried by Water,

and the Reason for it-44. The Record-office- Wakefield-tower-

Murder of Henry VI. by Gloucester-45. Famous Keepers of the

Records-46. The Bloody-tower-Were the Princes murdered here?—

Bayley's Argument examined-49. Murder of the Earl of Northum-

berland-51. The Green and its past History - Death of the last

Plantagenet -52. The Lieutenant's House-Sir Francis Burdett

53. Guy Fawkes-Lady Lennox-54. Beauchamp-tower full of melan-

choly Inscriptions-55. "Close" Confinement-56. Touching Story of

the Duke of Norfolk and his Son, Lord Surrey, the Poet-58. The

Words of Despair-59. The Wisdom of Suffering-60. Jane Grey, her

Prison Memorials-61. Her Character and Heroic Death-63. Guilford

Dudley and his Brother-64. Fraternal Conundrum-65. Edmund

and Arthur Pole, the Crime and Punishment-67. The infamous

Geoffrey Pole-68. The sad Records of Charles Bailly-70. A recent

Discovery-71. The Prisons of Ann Boleyn -72. Walter Raleigh's

foul Treatment by King James-75. The Graves in the Church of

St. Peter-ad-Vincula-77. Dark Work of the Nemesis of political

Crime-Story of the great John Eliot-78. His brilliant Harangues in

Parliament-The popular Members imprisoned-80. The Gentlemen

of England turned out of their own House-83. Eliot dies in Prison

-Ruthless Conduct of the King-84. Devereux-tower, and Elizabeth's

Earl of Essex-Bowyer-tower, and the Duke of Clarence-The Martin-

tower-85. The Fall of Essex and Southampton-Shakspeare's Genius

affected by his Friend's Misfortune-86. Baseness of Lord Bacon-The

Verdict of History on his Crime-87. Ann Boleyn-The seven Prelates

-The Jewel-house-Towers on the Eastern Ballium-Michael Moody

88. An unlucky Astrologer-89. Chronological List of the chief Pri-

soners-Flambard-de Burgh-Griffin, Prince of Wales-90. Baliol,

King of Scotland-Wallace - The Knights-Templars - Mortimer-

Murray; strange Incident-91. Bruce, King of Scotland-John, King

of France-Chaucer the Poet, "The Testament of Love"-92. King

Richard II.— - Henry VI.-The Duke of Clarence-John Frith-A

Martyr in the Stocks-93. Thomas More - Ann Boleyn - Thomas

Cromwell-Catherine Howard-Anne Askew-Earl of Surrey-Jane

Grey-Cranmer and Latimer-Ridley-95. Devereux Shakspeare's

Southampton-Walter Raleigh - Bacon -96. Edward Coke - John

Eliot-Strafford-Jeremy Taylor-Davenant-97. Henry Marten, the

great Wit-98. Harrington - Castlemaine; singular Proceeding —

99. Jeffreys 100. The Adherents of the Pretender-101. Arthur

Thistlewood.

CHAPTER III.

THE QUEEN'S PRISON.

102. Queen's Bench in Literature and Art-103. The Law Courts-Judge

Gascoigne and Prince Hal-104. Remarkable Persons confined in the

Bench-John Rushworth-Baxter and Judge Jeffreys-Kit Smart-

105. "Adventures of Doctor Syntax "- Smollett writes his "Sir

Launcelot Greaves "-March of Improvement-106. Amalgamation of

Queen's Bench, Fleet, and Marshalsea-107. Men of Letters confined

in the Fleet-Lord Surrey-John Hooper-Cartwright-Leighton-

Burton-Bastwick - The Poet Nash-108. Harrington's Wit and

Elizabeth's Anger-Dr. Donne's Offences-Prynne-109. Baker com-

poses his "Chronicles" in the Fleet-John Lilburne-Henry Marten's

Saying-110. Howell-Wycherley and King James-Richard Savage-

111. Bishop Bonner in the Marshalsea-112. Shakspeare and Mas-

singer-113. Christopher Brooke the Poet- George Wither-Sir John

Denham saves his Life-Selden-114. Defoe on Debtors' Prisons-

115. Liberty Tickets-116. Power of the Purse-117. Cruelties formerly

practised-118. Description of the Prison and its Arrangements-

119. Societies for Relief of Debtors-121. Begging-Letter Impostors.

CHAPTER IV.

THE HULKS.

122. Origin of the Hulk System-123. Exportation of Crime peculiar to

England-124. Ideas of Howard and Blackstone on the Treatment of

Criminals-The "Justitia" and "Censor" stationed at Woolwich-

125. Faults of the Hulk-Employment of the Convicts-126. Descrip-

tion of the "Warrior "-127. Mr. Duncombe's Committee, and the

Government Inspector's Report-128. Horrible Revelations — 129.

Herding of Criminals together-130. The System of Instruction-
Summary.

CHAPTER V.

MILLBANK.

132. Largest Prison in England-Three Miles of Cells-133. The enor-

mous Cost-A manifest "Job"-Unhealthiness of the Site-134. Cha-

racter of Offenders confined in Millbank-135. Awful Case of Murder-

138. Ugliness of Criminals-The Cause?-139. Errors in the Con-

struction of Millbank-140. The public Work-room-141. Complaints

of undue Severity-142. The Parliamentary Inquiry -The Black

Dungeons-143. The shocking Case of a poor Madman-144. System

of Discipline of a mixed Character-145. Horror of Isolation-Suicides

feigned to escape from it-146. The Cellular System abandoned by the

Government.

CHAPTER VI.

PENTONVILLE.

147. American Penitentiaries-148. Mr. Crawford's Report-149. Curious

Logic-150. Lord John Russell founds Pentonville-151. Size and

Cost of the Penitentiary -153. Description of the Model Cell -

154. Indulgences-155. A Suggestion to Philanthropists-156. Choice

of Prisoners-157. Is complete Separation possible?-158. Virtues of

the Lock and Key-159. Rationale of Separation-162. Effects upon

the Mind-163. Opinion of Commissioners-164. Bodily Health-

166. Failure of the Discipline-167. Experience on an "Exile" Ship,

and in Portland Island.