and Egyptian coins struck in honour of him. On account of the public calamities, all the deities of the Pantheon were now invoked; and an incredible quantity of denarii and assaria to Apollo, Bacchus, Castor, Diana, Esculapius, Hercules, Janus, Juno, Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, Minerva, Neptune, Serapis, and Vulcan, corroborate the testimony of history. There is also a great number of silver legionary coins; and among the reverses peculiar to the time is Alacritas, well typified by a pegasus; Dona. Aug. illustrated by Mercury with a dog; and Segetia, the goddess of crops yet growing. In the abundance of his coinage, Gallienus restored the consecrations of Augustus, Vespasian, Titus, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Commodus, Severus, and Alexander, in billon; but he has furnished no reason for introducing Commodus into such company. I shall have more to say upon the coinage of this reign, in the sequel, but must here mention the strange aureus on which Gallienus is represented effeminately crowned with wheat-ears instead of laurel, and inscribed Gallienæ Augustæ, with Ubique Pax on the reverse. This has been thought to have been struck by one of the usurpers in contempt, or by the Senate in raillery; for it was coined when the empire was harassed by disease, barbarian aggression, and the struggles of the Thirty Tyrants, a period, when heaven and earth seemed to concur in heaping afflictions upon Rome:* but the Senators may be acquitted; for those were no “laughing" times for the Conscript Fathers; and his treatment of such as jeered at his triumph, shewed that Gallienus was not inclined to leave a joke unnoticed. CCCCXCIII. Obverse. IMP. GALLIENVS P. F. AVG. (Imperator Gallienus, Pius, Felix, Augustus.) The laureated head of Gallienus, with handsome features, a thick short beard growing on the throat and chin, and the bust robed. This medal, in excellent preservation and thinly patinated, was procured at Naples, in 1820. This Reverse. MONETA AVGG. (Moneta Augustorum.) The stolated deities of the mint, with cornucopiæ, to signify that cash supplies all things, and balances to shew that equity is requisite in money transactions : a mass of metal, at the feet of each, represents gold, silver, and brass. emblem of the Emperor's care to preserve the just weight of money, was struck about A. D: 263, when a sad adulteration of the coinage was taking place; and it is remarkable that this, as well as others of the same type struck by Probus, Carus, Numerianus, Carinus, Diocletian, Crispus, and other sovereigns, are without the S. C. or stamp of senatorial authority. From this it may be concluded that they were struck by the Emperor's order, for a particular purpose; and we, moreover, find that some of them were gilt, and others in some measure inlaid, so that the paludamentum of the obverse was covered with gold, the other parts remaining bare. • Besides wars and intestine commotions in every province, the year 262 was afflicted with other deplorable calamities. The whole atmosphere was overcast with dense and dark clouds, so that for several days together the light of the sun was obscured; this was followed by dreadful peals like thunder, from the bowels of the earth, which opened in many places and swallowed up great numbers of people, with their habitations. At the same time, the sea swelling beyond its bounds, desolated vast tracts, and drowned whole cities; and the plague still raged so violently as to carry off 5000 persons a day, in Rome only Moneta was a title given to Juno, from monere, to admonish, she having given the Romans advice just before the arrival of Brennus. For this a temple was erected, wherein the silver of the commonwealth was laid up; this afterwards became the public mint, from which circumstance the stamped metals took the name of money.* Ovid describes the temple thus : "Arce quoque in summâ Junoni templa Monetæ, Ex voto memorant facta, Camille tuo. Antè domus Manli fuerat, qui Gallica quondam A Capitolino reppulit arma Jove." Gold has been worshipped through all ages, and by all classes, without hypocrisy. But in Juvenal's time, it seems, Moneta had no home, for he declares that though no temples rise, nor altars blaze to her name "Yet is thy full divinity confess'd, Thy shrine established here, in every breast." Some, however, think the Satirist in error; and Arnobius asks-" Quis ad extremum Deam pecuniam esse credat, quam velut maximum numen vestræ indicant Literæ ?" CCCCXCIV. Obverse. IMP. GALLIENVS AVG. (Imperator Gallienus, Augustus.) The laurelled head of the Emperor, with the shoulders robed. This medal, in secondary condition and thinly varnished with greenish patina, was purchased from Mr. Till, in 1830. Reverse. IOVI CONS. AVG. (Jovi Conservatori Augusti.) On the exergum S. C. Instead of the usual majestic figure, with the spear and fulmen of supreme power, we have here a huge goat, representing Amalthea, whose horns were converted to cornucopiæ, and skin into an ægis; it is not, like that of Oiselius-" cum uberibus distentis," yet it was no doubt derived from the fable of Jupiter's having been suckled by one of those animals-whence Ovid's "Oleniam Jovis altricem dixere capellam." Again "Stat quoque capra simul: Nymphæ pavisse feruntur And Germanicus, in his translation from the " Phænomena" of Aratus, says— Besides the goat, there appear many other animals on the smaller coins of Gallienus, as the wolf, lion, bull, stag, panther, and boar; there are also the ibis, eagle, and stork; and the monsters centaur, griffin, pegasus, capricorn, and hippocampus. These were all sacred to tutelary deities, to whom Gallienus offered up so many supplications, that he obtained the title of Conservator Pietatis. CCCCXCV. Obverse. GENIVS P. R. (Genius Populi Romani.) A very handsome head of Gallienus, radiated, and tutulated with a modius-or something resembling one-and the neck bare. This full spread round medal, in the very highest preservation, and incrusted with brown-pink patina, was obtained by exchange at Cagliari, in 1824. Reverse. INT. VRB. S. C. (Intrans Urbem, Senatus Consultu.) This is an inscription encircled by a garland of laurel, which compliments the Emperor, on his entering Rome-perhaps from his German campaign. This medal, however, not only bears no date or name, but is only assigned to Gallienus, on account of the strong resemblance of the portrait to that emperor. The well known silver consular coin of the Carisian family was probably struck when T. Carisius superintended the mint: it bears the head of Juno, inscribed Moneta, as an obverse; with an anvil, hammer, pincers, and die-the implements of coining-on the reverse. The likeness is palpable, though the face from being beardless is certainly too youthful, and, "Hoc magis inceptos genitori instaurat honores, Prudentius sarcastically ridicules the notion of a genius of Rome:- Cum portis, domibus, thermis, stabulis, soleatis Adsignare suos Genios, perque omnia membra Urbis, perque locos, Geniorum millia multa Fingere, ne propriâ vacet angulus ullus ab umbrâ." CCCCXCVI. Obverse. IMP. GALLIENVS P. F. AVG. GERM. (Imperator Gallienus, Pius, Felix, Augustus, Germanicus.) The laureated profile of Gallienus, with expressive features, knitted brow, the beard curled on the throat, and the shoulders robed. This medal, in excellent condition, and coated with pea-green patina on the obverse, and deep brown on the reverse, was obtained at Patras, in 1820. Reverse. RESTITVTOR ORBIS. On the exergum S. C. The emperor, paludated and grasping a lance, gives his right hand to a kneeling female, who wears the "corona turrita," but is represented as rather diminutive. See No. CLXXXII. This was probably struck on some advantage having been gained by Odenathus, or one of the Lieutenants of Gallienus-but, as in his "Bona Fortunæ,' ‚""Felicitas," "Restitutor Generis Humani,” “Restitutor Orientis,” and several others of his types, it is more boastful than true. That inscribed "Restitutor Galliarum," alludes, with more pretension, to successes in the three Gauls-Comata, Cisalpina, and Narbonensis." SALONINA. Cornelia Salonina* seems to have been married to Gallienus, about ten years before his advancement to the throne; but there are no particulars of her birth or family. Even the date of her death is uncertain, but it is thought she was assassinated, with her husband and younger son, A. D. 268. She bore several children to the Emperor, of whom Saloninus and Julius Gallienus, though confounded by historians, are distinguished by medals; and a marble of Gruter's has made us These are the only names of this Empress upon the Latin medals-but the Greek-Imperial ones add Julia, Licinia, Publia, aud Chrysogone. Some writers have called her Pipa, or Pipara, thus confusing her with the daughter of Attalus, king of the Marcomanni, whom Galienus procured from her father, as his concubine, in return for a part of Pannonia. This precious compact must have taken place subsequent to the capture of Valerian, and many years after the marriage of Salonina ;-yet Occo calls the latter "Regis Marcomannorum filia; and Pedrusi says she was of most noble birth"perche fu figlia d'Attalo Re di Pergamo." acquainted with her daughter Julia—“nobilissima puella"-who was married to Sergius Terentianus, and became the grandmother of St. Luana, who suffered martyrdom under Diocletian. Salonina was a woman of extraordinary beauty, great talents, affable disposition, and irreproachable conduct. Though historians scarcely mention her, there is sufficient to gather that she was a warm encourager of learning, and very popular at Rome. She patronised Plotinus with great liberality; and Tristan records the high honour she did him-" de luy permettre de bastir une ville en la Campanie appellée Plotinopolis, en Plotinopolis, en une situation propre, pour pouvoir philosopher commodément." Zonaras tells us that she accompanied Gallienus, when he marched against the Heruli; and how that being left in the camp, with but a very slender guard, she was in imminent danger of falling into the hands of the enemy, who had despatched a resolute band to carry her off. These men advanced so cautiously that they came within sight of the camp, without being perceived, when a Roman soldier, who had strayed out by chance, saw them, gave the alarm, and encountered the Barbarians till assistance arrived. There are Latin medals of Salonina in each of the metals and sizes, but of which the silver and small-brass only are very common. There are also numerous Colonial, Greek-Imperial, and Egyptian coins, in her honour-but those of the Colonies, as well as the Greek large-brass, are rare, Some singular types were struck on her denarii-as the "Junoni Conservatrici Augustœ," with a hart; "Annona," now first given to an empress; and "Augusta in Pace," which is groundlessly considered as having been struck by one of the "Tyrants," in contempt, as a companion to the "Ubique Pax" of Gallienus. CCCCXCVII. Obverse. CORNELIA SALONINA AVG. (Cornelia Salonina, Augusta.) The profile of the Empress, with intelligent features, indicative of about 30 years of age, and her bosom robed. Her hair is carried in plaits to the hinder part of her head, with a portion reaching from the nape of the neck to the crown, where it meets a frontal diadem. This medal, though not well spread, is in excellent condition, and covered with green-and-red patina; it was procured at Nice, in 1823. Reverse. PIETAS AVGG. (Pietas Augustorum.) On the exergum S. C. A richly attired sedent female, with a hasta pura in her left hand, and extending her right towards a couple of children before her, while a third child stands by the side of the throne. In this group Pedrusi sees the offspring of Gallienus and Salonina-or, as he poetically expresses it-"In questi potiamo ravvisare i tre pegni preziosi, con cui la Cesarea Donna arricchi il Talamo del suo Augusto Consorte." This is, perhaps, the case, though it may be merely a symbol of charity towards the Puellæ alimentariæ,' as on No. CXLVII. The female is not veiled, for the reason which Laurence Beger gives, in his Thesaurus ex Thesauro Palatino selectus ;"Pietatis, quæ erga Deum est, effigiem velato solere pingi habitu, quæ verò erga homines, absquè velo." I have attempted to shew, under Nos. CCCCLXXIII-IV, that Pietas was not absolutely confined in its meaning to filial affection; and it may now be added that it afterwards became an epithet of honour;-whence Theodoric addressed the emperor Anastasius "Ad Serenissimam PIETATEM vestram." From this the designation of "Holiness" probably obtained for the good Catholics, would hardly have adopted the mere Ciceronian "Sanctitas hominis.” CCCCXCVIII. Obverse. CORNELIA SALONINA AVG. (Cornelia Salonina, Augusta.) The head of the Empress, with a beautiful countenance, the hair attired as above, the neck finely turned, and the bosom neatly robed. This medal, in excellent preservation, and coated with grey patina, was presented to me by Mr. T. Burgon, in 1825. Reverse. IVNO REGINA. In the field S. C. A veiled female, standing, with the sacred virga in her left hand, and a patera in her right-the attitude being similar to that on No. CCCXXIII, but without the peacock. This device is in compliment to an empress "moribus sanctis ;" and the goddess is habited in the robes of a Roman matron, as a mark of decorum and decency: "Matronæ, præter faciem, nil cernere possis, SALONINUS. Publius Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus Gallienus, the son of Gallienus and Salonina, as is indicated by his names, was born about A. D. 242, and declared Cæsar by his grandfather at the age of 11. He was sent into Gaul to learn the art of war under Postumus, one of the most puissant generals of the age; and was accompanied by a tutor named Sylvanus, or Albanus, who was to instruct him in the sciences. Authors differ as to the immediate cause of what followed, though they all agree in the catastrophe, and that the contentions between the general and the youth's preceptor, led to his death. It seems that Postumus, having defeated some German invaders, was ordered by Sylvanus to send the booty to Saloninus; at which the soldiers were so provoked, that they revolted, proclaimed their leader Emperor, and murdered the Prince, and his imprudent tutor, at Colonia Agrippina, A. D. 259. Saloninus is said to have been a Prince of wit, and good abilities, but greatly addicted to pleasure, and, in the words of Tristan, "lascif comme son père." Trebellius Pollio records that some officers, who were invited by Gallienus to a feast, having laid aside their richly-mounted girdles during the repast, the young Saloninus secretly stole them, and the losers were obliged to keep silence. The next time they received a similar invitation, being asked why they sat down with their girdles on, they answered-" Salonino deferimus." There are Latin medals of Saloninus in all metals and sizes, of which those of billon and small-brass are common; the rest are rare, and when in good preservation |