BOSTON is by some supposed to have derived its name (Botolph's Town) from St. Botolph's Monastery, which stood here. This monastery was built A. D. 654, Various other religious houses exand was destroyed by the Danes A.D. 870.

isted here, but not a vestige of them now remains. The most interesting building in Boston is St. Botolph's church, which was built in 1809. It is a spacious and noble pile, 245 feet long, and 98 feet wide within the walls. Its tower is one of the loftiest in the kingdom, being 300 feet high, lantern-shaped at the top, and visible at sea for nearly 40 miles. Boston carries on an extensive trade with the north of Europe in hemp, iron, timber, and tar. There are some few manufactures here

* Horncastle, on the Bane, is noted for its horse fairs, and has a considerable trade in tanming. It is supposed to have been the Castra Hibernia of the Romans. Pop. 1851, 4921. Near it is Scrivelaby Court (Sir H. Dymoke, Bart.), the seat of the Dymoke family, champions

of England.

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for sail-cloth, canvas, and sacking. There are also iron and brass foundries. By means of the Witham and the canals connected with it, Boston has a navigable communication with Lincoln, Gainsborough, Nottingham, and Derby, and is connected by railway with all parts of the kingdom. Boston has a guild-hall, assembly-rooms, several churches, chapels, and banks, free grammar, blue-coat, and national schools, a theatre, several charitable institutions, &c. Boston affords the title of baron to the Irby family. Fox, the martyrologist, was a native of Boston. Two M.P. Pop. 1851, 17,158.

LOUTH is pleasantly situated at the eastern foot of the Wolds, and on the bank of the little river Ludd. The church of St. James is one of the finest in the county. It has a lofty and elegant tower, surmounted by a rich octagonal spire, the whole 288 feet high. The east window is remarkable for its beautiful tracery. The grounds of the vicarage house are curiously laid out, as if attached to a hermitage. Louth possesses a session-house, a house of correction, a guild-hall, assembly rooms, several churches, chapels, and banks, a small theatre, &c. There are some manufactories of carpets, rugs, and blankets, of soap and paper, besides breweries, &c. An export trade is carried on in corn and wool. Louth is a station on the Great Northern Railway. Pop. 1851, 10,467.

CLIV. LONDON TO CAMBRIDGE THROUGH WARE, 51 Miles.

CAMBRIDGE, the county town of Cambridgeshire, stands on the river Cam, which is navigable to the Ouse, and communicates with the sea through the port of Lynn. It derives its name from the river on which it is situated. The ancient name of the river was Granta; and in Doomsday Book the town is called Grentebridge. Cambridge is a town of great antiquity. It was burned by the Danes in 871, and again in 1010. A castle was built here by William the Conqueror, but it was early suffered to go to decay, and all that now remains of it is the gate house. The chief object of attraction at Cambridge is the university, which consists of seventeen colleges and halls, situated in different parts of the town. The origin of this university is involved in obscurity, but it is supposed that Cambridge first became a seat of learning in the seventh century. According to Mr. Hallam, the date of its first incorporation is the fifteenth of Henry III., or 1231. Others say, however, that this is a mistake, and that Henry only sent a royal letter, directing that lodgings for the students should be valued according to the custom of the university, by two masters and two townsmen. The first formal charter which is extant was granted by Edward I. in the twentieth year of his reign. Some important privileges were granted to the university by Edward III. in 1333, in consequence of which such jealousy was created among the townsmen, that they at length, in 1881, broke out into open violence, and seized on and destroyed the university charters. All the present colleges or halls have been founded since the time of Edward I. Each college is a separate corporate body, holding the buildings and libraries, and possessing large funds in money, in land, in houses, and in advowsons. The constitutions of these colleges are various, as well as the amount of their property and the mode in which the scholars, fellows, and masters are appointed and remunerated. The university is a corporation by itself, to which the public library, the senate-house, the printing-press, the observatory, and some other establishments belong, and it also possesses power to make regulations for the government of the whole body, as well as to choose several of the professors.* The Chancellor is the head of the

* Some of the professors are selected by the Crown, and hence their titles of Regius Professors.

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CAMBRIDGE-COLLEGES AND HALLS.

university. The office may be tenable beyond two years by the tacit consent of the university. The Vice-Chancellor is elected annually from the heads of colleges. The members on the boards of the university amount to nearly 7200.

The following are the colleges and halls in the order of their foundation:St. Peter's College founded in 1257 by Hugh de Balsham, Bishop of Ely, and enlarged in 1826.

Clare Hall, founded 1326, by Dr. Richard Baden, as University hall, and refounded 1344, by Lady Elizabeth, sister of Gilbert de Burgh, Earl of Clare. It was rebuilt in 1638, and has a chapel built in the beginning of last century.

Pembroke Hall, founded 1343, by Mary de Valence, Countess of Pembroke, and improved by Henry VI. Her husband's death so affected her as to lead her into retirement, and she spent her income for charitable and useful objects. William Pitt was a student here.

Gonville and Caius College, founded 1349, by Edmund Gonville, and enlarged 1558, by Dr. John Caius, who was educated in this college, and whose monument adorns the chapel. Sir Thomas Gresham, Jeremy Taylor, and Lord Chancellor Thurlow, received their education here.

Trinity Hall, founded in 1350, by Wm. Bateman, Bishop of Norwich, is appropriated chiefly to the study of civil law, and has a law library.

Corpus Christi College was founded in 1351 by two societies or guilds of Cambridge, and rebuilt in 1823, from designs by W. Wilkins, Esq.

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King's College was founded in 1441, by Henry VI., for the reception lars from Eton. The chapel is a magnificent pile, and the distinguishing feature of Cambridge. The roof is remarkably beautiful, arched, but unsupported by pillars, and the whole forms one of the richest and most perfect specimens of the perpendicular style. All the windows except one are of stained glass, and the floor of the choir is of black and white marble. Parallel with the chapel is a noble range of buildings containing the library and the hall. Walsingham, Waller the Poet, Sir R. Walpole, &c., were of this college.

Queen's College was founded in 1446, by Margaret of Anjou, and enlarged in 1465, by the Queen of Edward IV. It possesses an extensive library, chapel gardens, &c.

Catherine Hall was founded in 1475, by Robert Woodlark, D.D., Chancellor of the University, and has Bishop Sherlock's library.

Jesus College was founded in 1496, by John Alcock, Bishop of Ely. The hall and gardens are fine. Flamstead, Roger North, Sterne, and Coleridge were students. Christ's College was founded in 1466, by Henry VI., but was refounded in 1505-6, by Lady Margaret, Countess of Richmond, mother of Henry VII., who also founded the Lady Margaret Professorship of Divinity, the first professorship on the record of the university. Erasmus was made the Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity in 1510. In the gardens is a mulberry tree planted by Milton.

St. John's College was founded in 1511 by the same Lady Margaret, mother of Henry VII., and has been much enlarged during the present century. It has been peculiarly prolific of eminent men.

Magdalene College founded in 1542, by Thomas Baron Audley. It contains the Pepysian library, with curious MSS. This collection, mentioned with such pride in his Diary,* was the gift of Samuel Pepys. He was of this College.

Trinity, the chief college of the university, was founded in 1546 by Henry VIII. and afterwards augmented by Queen Mary. The chapel was begun by Queen Mary, and finished by Queen Elizabeth. This college boasts a fine library, and is rich in portraits, busts, &c. Among the rest are a statue of Sir Isaac Newton by Roubilliac, a bust of Porson by Chantrey, and Thorwaldsen's statue of Byron which was rejected by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. The master's lodge has always, since the time of Elizabeth, been the residence of the monarch during a royal visit. Trinity College rose at once from infancy to maturity. During the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. a greater number of bishops proceeded from this than from any other college; and at the beginning of the 17th century, it could claim at the same time the two Archbishops, and no less than seven other prelates on the English bench. When the present translation of the Bible was executed, six of the translators were resident fellows of the College. Among the eminent persons who have been educated at Trinity college may be mentioned, Sir R. Cotton, Sir H. Spelman, Bacon, Coke, Dr. Donne, John Ray, Barrow, Newton, Cowley, Dryden, Andrew Marvell, Dr. Conyers Middleton, Lord Byron, &c. And among the masters of this college have been, Archbishop Whitgift, Bishop Wilkins, Bishop Pearson, Isaac Barrow, and Richard Bentley. Emmanuel College, founded 1584, by Sir Walter Mildmay. It possesses the Sancroft library, numerous portraits, a handsome hall, and gardens.

Sidney Sussex College, founded 1598, in accordance with the will of Lady Frances Sydney, Countess of Sussex, has a hall, chapel, and gardens. Oliver Cromwell was educated here.

Downing College, founded in 1800, in terms of the will of Sir George Downing, Bart. who died in 1749; but the appropriation of the estates, and the granting of the charter, were delayed by litigation. It has a good library.

The other public buildings belonging to the university are the Senate-House, a magnificent building of the Corinthian order, adorned with statues of George I. and II., Charles, Duke of Somerset, and William Pitt, the first and third by Rysbrach, and the last by Nollekens; the public schools and university library, to which a copy of every book published in the empire is sent.

In the ves

tibule of the latter is a fine bust of Dr. E. D. Clarke, by Chantrey; here also is the celebrated MS. of the four Gospels and Acts of the Apostles, given by Beza, -the Botanic Garden, occupying three or four acres—the Pitt Press, a handsome building erected in 1831,-the Observatory, an edifice in the Grecian style, erected 1822-1824, at an expense of upwards of £18,000,-the Fitzwilliam Museum, a magnificent pile, commenced in 1837 and lately finished, contains a fine collection of books, paintings, drawings, &c. bequeathed in 1816 to the university, together with £100,000 South Sea annuities, by Richard Viscount Fitz

* Pepys' Diary, vol. iii. p. 298, &c.