Water Conduction in Roots and Root Grafts of Pinus Resinosa

acid fuchsin dye actual additional adjacent apparently approximately arms of Graft axial bar/m bar/meter base Bormann branch capacity channels cm² component conducting cross section connections constant cuts decrease determined differences differential tensions distance donor double downgraft arm Effect Effect of differential equal experimental field Figure flow flow rates followed forked formed functional further greater higher increased indicated individual inflow initial injected intact laboratory lateral lateral flow length limited lines major measurements meters moisture moved movement natural numbers observed occurred outflow rates paths pathway Pinus portion red pine relative conductivity reported resistance Riedl root grafts root segments root systems runs sample saw-cuts showing shown similar single soil Specific spiralling staining pattern stand stem Stone stumps supplied surface Table tension gradients tensions on outflow tested thinning tissue tracheids transfer trees trials union upgraft arms values various velocity viscosity water movement Woods xylem